安娜.弗洛伊德| Anna Freud

Anna Freud:A.弗洛伊德(1895-1982)，奥地利心理学家，S.弗洛伊德最小的女儿，运用精神分析方法研究儿童发展的创始人之一。她着重研究了自我防御机制，并较早应用游戏疗法，对儿童期和青春期的心理治疗技术的改进起了积极的作用。 Continuing the work of her father, Sigmund Freud, she was a pioneer in the psychoanalysis of children. She received her training in Vienna and then emigrated to England, where she founded and directed a clinic for child therapy. Her writings include Normality and Pathology in Childhood (1965) and The Writings of Anna Freud (7 vol., 1973). 　 父亲的小孩--安娜·佛洛伊德 《母性精神分析》第17章 　 http://www./anna_freud.htm http://www./~cgboeree/annafreud.html

Best Known For: 

• Founder of child psychoanalysis
• Defense mechanisms
• Contributions to ego psychology

Birth and Death: 

• Born December 3, 1895 in Vienna, Austria.
• October 9, 1982 in London, England

Contributions to Psychology: Freud created the field of child psychoanalysis and her work contributed greatly to our understanding of child psychology. She also developed different techniques to treat children. Freud noted that children’s symptoms differed from those of adults and were often related to developmental stages. She also provided clear explanations of the ego's defense mechanisms in her book The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (1936).

Early Life: The youngest of Sigmund Freud’s six children, Anna was extraordinarily close to her father. Anna was not close to her mother and was said to have tense relationships with her five siblings. She attended a private school, but later said she learned little at school. The majority of her education was from the teachings of her father’s friends and associates.

Career: After high school, Freud worked as an elementary school teacher and began translating some of her father’s works into German, increasing her interest in child psychology and psychoanalysis. While she was heavily influenced by her father's work, she was far from living in his shadow. Her own work expanded upon her father's ideas, but also created the field of child psychoanalysis.

Although she never earned a higher degree, her work in psychoanalysis and child psychology contributed to her eminence in the field of psychology. She began her children’s psychoanalytic practice in 1923 in Vienna, Austria and later served as chair of the Vienna Psycho-Analytic Society. During her time in Vienna, she had a profound influence on Erik Erikson, who later went on to expand the field of psychoanalysis and ego psychology.

In 1938, Anna was interrogated by the Gestapo and then fled to London along with her father. In 1941, she formed the Hampstead Nursery with Dorothy Burlington. The nursery served as a psychoanalytic program and home for homeless children. Her experiences at the nursery provided the inspiration for three books, Young Children in Wartime (1942), Infants Without Families (1943), and War and Children (1943). After the Hampstead Nursery closed in 1945, Freud created the Hempstead Child Therapy Course and Clinic and served as director from 1952 until her death in 1982.

Select Works

• Freud, A. (1936) Ego & the Mechanisms of Defense.
• Freud, A. (1956-1965) Research at the Hampstead Child-Therapy Clinic & Other Papers.
• Freud, A. (1965) Normality & Pathology in Childhood: Assessments of Development.

Biographies of Freud

• Peters, U. H. (1985) Anna Freud: A life dedicated to children. Weidenfeld, London.
• Young-Bruehl, E. (1988) Anna Freud: A Biography. Summit Books, New York.