句子成分

句子的成分 

定义:组成句子的各个部分：即主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。

说明: 主语和谓语是句子的主体部分，也是构成句子的必须部分，其它为可能有的部分。

一、主语

1.主语是一个句子的主题，也是句子的主体，表示句子主要说明的人或事物。

2. 它的位置一般在句首。

3. 一般由名词、代词或相当于名词或代词的词、短语或句子等充当。

Little streams[stri:ms] feed big rivers.(名词)

We study in No. 1 Middle School.(代词)

To find your way can be a problem.(动词不定式)

Smoking is bad for you.(动名词)

Whenever you are ready will be fine.(从句)

Three's enough.(数词)

二、谓语

1.谓语是说明主语的动作或状态。一般放在主语之后。

2.谓语一般是由动词或连系动词+表语担当。

3.谓语必须和主语在“人称”和“数”上保持一致。

We work hard.(动词）

Mike likes his new book.

His parents are teachers.(连系动词+表语)

She is reading.

三、表语

1.表语是表述主语的特征、状态或身份等。

2.表语位于连系动词之后，二者构成系表结构，即合成谓语

 

3.表语由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词、短语或句子等充当。

Her brother is a driver.(名词)

Are you ready?(形容词)

We were at home last night.(介词短语)

This book is mine, not yours.(代词)

Four and four is eight.(数词)

The film is exciting.(现在分词)

The cup is broken.(过去分词)

Our task is studying.(动名词)

I seem to have caught a cold.(动词不定式)

The problem is how we can finish it.(从句)

四、宾语

说明: 1.宾语表示动作、行为的对象。

2.只有及物动词可带宾语，有些不及物动词加上介词或副词也可带宾语。

3.由名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语或句子担当。

He often helps me.(代词)

We study English at school.(名词)

If you add 5 to 5, you get 10.(数词)

Remember to buy some stamps.(动词不定式)

He likes making you laugh.(动名词)

He said, "You are wrong."(句子)

Do you understand what I mean?(从句)

宾语的种类 :

1.一般是指及物动词的宾语，但也可以是介词的宾语。

We will remember your kindness.(及物动词的宾语)

Are you for or against this idea?(介词的宾语)

2.除及物动词和介词宾语外，某些形容词也可带宾语，多用动词不定式充当。

I am glad to see you.

It's sure to rain.

3.双宾语

(1)有些及物动词可带双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语。一般直接宾语指事物，而间接宾语指人，在句中二者同时应用。

(2)通常间接宾语放在直接宾语之前，有时亦可放在直接宾语之后，但这时间接宾语前一般要加介词to或for。

(3)常用于带双宾语的动词有：answer, bring, buy, give, keep, lend, make, pay, sell, send, show, take, tell, write等。

I gave him my address.

--I gave my address to him.

I have found him a place.

--- ->I have found a place for him.

4.复合宾语：“宾语+宾语补足语”构成复合宾语。

No one ever saw Jim angry.

We call him Xiao Wang.

They found treasure in the chest.

I heard him sing a song.

I heard him singing a song.

I head a song sung。

5.形式宾语it与真宾语。在复合宾语中，如作宾语的是非限定动词短语或从句，这时常把宾语放在宾语补足语后，用it代替它的原位置，这it叫形式宾语，而放在宾语补足语后的宾语叫真宾语。

I think it important to study hard.

We think it no use trying it again.

I think it right that you decided to attend[?'tend] the meeting.

宾语的位置:

1.一般位于及物动词之后。

I lik you.

2.介词宾语位于介词之后。

He is fond of music.

3.双宾语的位置：

(1)一般是“间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)”或者“直接宾语＋介词(to或for)+间接宾语”。

(2)接双宾语用介词to的常见动词：bring, give, lend, offer, pass, pay, sell, send, show, take, write等。

Would you mind lending me a book?

--- ->Would you mind lending a book to me?

(3)接双宾语用介词for的常见动词：buy, fetch, find, get, keep, make, order等。

My mother bought me a new coat yesterday.

--- ->My mother bought a new coat for me yesterday.

(4)双宾语中一个是名词，一个是代词，一般是代词在前名词在后；如都是代词，通常是直接宾语在前，间接宾语在后。

I'll give them to my sister.

I'll give it to her.

4.形式宾语与真宾语的位置：... it +宾语补足语+真宾语。

We think it wrong that you told a lie.

5.动词＋副词的宾语位：

(1)如宾语是名词，放在副词前后均可。

(2)如宾语是代词，只能放在副词之前。

Turn the lights on.

Turn on the lights.

Turn them on

五、定语

说明: 1.用来修饰名词或代词。

2.作定语除形容词外，还有代词、数词、名词、介词短语以及相当于形容词的词、短语和从句。

Jane is a beautiful girl.(形容词)

There is well water.(名词)

We have four lessons in the morning.(数词)

What's your name?(代词)

John had a desire to travel.(不定式)

I usually eat sleeping pills every day.(动名词)

The person talking with Jim is my teacher.(现在分词）

This is the house built last year.(过去分词)

This is a map of China.(介词短语)

The car that is parked outside is mine.(从句)

定语的位置: 位置一般比较固定

1.单词作定语多放在其所修饰词之前。

2.短语或从句作定语一般放在其所修饰的词之后。

下列情况需要注意

1.副词作定语常后置。

People here like skating.

This is a room above。

2.只可作表语的形容词作定语时一般后置。

I'm the most happy man alive.

He spoke like a man afraid.

3.不定代词的定语一律后置。

I would like to have something interesting to read.

Nobody decent will go there.

4.不定式作定语要后置。

It's time for us to go.

Her promise to write was forgotten.

5.各种短语作定语一般都后置，但也可用连字符连接变为复合形容词而前置。

My neighbour next door is very kind.

--My next-door neighbour is very kind.

There is a well seven feet deep.

--There is a seven-foot-deep well.

六、状语

说明: 1.用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，也可以是对全句进行说明或解释。

2.一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义。

3.通常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词、短语或从句等来表示。

They work hard.

It is very nice.

We had a meeting this afternoon.

状语的位置: 大体上有句末、句中与句首三种位置，以句末最常见。

1.副词作状语最常见，位置比较灵活。

(1)修饰动词三种位置都可以。

He speaks Chinese badly but reads it well.

I couldn't very well refuse to go.

Naturally we expect him to succeed.

(2)修饰形容词和其他副词一般皆前置。

The book is very interesting.

He did the work fairly well.

(3)副词enough作状语时须后置。

The room is big enough for a party.

He didn't run quickly enough to catch the bus.

2.名词作状语多置于句末。

Wait a moment.

See you next week.

3.动词不定式作状语多放在句末。

He came specially to see me.

You have only to ask to get it.

4.分词作状语多置于句首与句末。

Arriving at the station, we knew the train had already gone.

I began to get the shakes just thinking about the test.

Added to this, she is good at music.

The lichens came borne by storms.

5.介词短语作状语多置于句末和句首。

I've been ill for a week.

At the end of the film, I was in tears.

6.从句作状语多置于句末或句首。

We chatted as we walked along.

When I am working, she is playing the game.

状语的种类:

㈠一般状语按其用途可分:

①时间状语:
1.多位于句末和句首。

I saw him there lately.

After taking my name and address, he asked me some questions.

2.有一些时间副词作状语时，常置于句中.如always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom等。

I always stay in bed late on Sundays.

Such places are seldom visited.

3.几个时间状语并列使用时，一般来说是时间单位由小到大排列。

They reached home at five o'clock in the evening.

We'll discuss the matter during lunch tomorrow.

②地点状语:
 1.多置于句末，也可放在句首。

There are plenty of fish in the sea.

On the platform she kissed her mother .

2.地点状语与时间状语同时出现时，一般是地点状语在前，时间状语在后。

At the airport last night two events happened.

I stayed there for three weeks last year.

3.为避免状语堆砌可将时间状语移至句首。

The whole morning he was reading a book in the garden.

③原因状语: 多放在句末，也可放在句首。

I eat potatoes because I like them.

For reasons of health he can't finish his work.

④结果状语: 多由动词不定式、分词和从句表示，常位于句末。

She woke suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway.

She spoke so softly that I couldn't hear what she said.

⑤目的状语: 多由动词不定式、介词短语和从句表示，常位于句末，亦可放在句首表示强调。

He ran for shelter.

In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.

⑥条件状语:多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末或句首。

I wouldn't have been there except for him.

If he were to come, what should we say to him?

⑦让步状语:常由短语或从句表示，可置于句末和句首。

They played tennis in spite of the rain.

Despite the difficulties, they finished the job.

He helped me although he didn't know me.

⑧程度状语:
1.常由副词、介词短语及从句表示。

2.单词作此状语时多置于其所修饰的句子成分之前或后。

The lecture was not very interesting。

She is old enough.

3.短语和从句一般皆置于其所修饰的句子成分之后。

You surprise me very much.

At that time teachers were not known to the degree that they are today.

⑨方式状语: 常由副词、短语、从句等表示，多位于句末。

Don't look at me concernedly.

It is worked out by computers.

⑩伴随状语: 常由短语或独立主格等表示，多位于句末。

They died, leaving their parents broken-hearted.

He stood there, pipe in mouth.

㈡一般状语的顺序

1.多个状语同时出现时，总的来说是单词在前，依次是名词短语、介词短语、非限定动词短语，最后是状语从句。

The woman went weekly to church.

Sally got the wine from it for him before he went off.

2.为了避免笨重，单词、短语和从句可分开放置。

We can safely talk about million people in the streets.

3.从语义上看，状语的一般顺序是方面状语在前，依次是方式、地点、时间、原因、结果、目的等状语。

He went hastily away.

She had lived in poverty for thirty years.

4.在实际应用中，常根据实际情况进行排列。

She puts crumbs for the bird on her windowsill.

Next Sunday I shall probably visit her mother in Beijing briefly to see if she's feeling better.

㈢句子状语可分为两种

第一种句子状语

1.说明或评说全句的句子状语多放在句首。

Fortunately I was there.

Of course I remember you.

2.有时却常放在谓语(或主要动词)或表语之前。

I quite like the idea.

You are just talking nonsense.

3.表示不定频度的副词如always, usually, often, sometimes等，放在谓语(或主要动词)或表语之前。

I will always remember her.

She is often late for school.

4.表示否定的副词如not, never, hardly, seldom等，放在谓语(或主要动词)或表语之前。

You mustn't smoke.

He is never angry.

5.除副词和短语可作句子状语外，从句和句子也可用作句子状语。

Come this way, if you please.

You are tired, I dare say(或I know).

第二种句子状语

连接性句子状语一般都放在句首。

Thus we see that plants need light.

You think me rich, but on the contrary I am very poor.

The book is a masterpiece, and what's more, I like it.

七、宾语补足语

说明: 1.有些及物动词的只跟宾语意义不完整，还要加一个成分来补充说明宾语，这样意思才完整。

2.宾语补足语一般都放在宾语之后。

She has her hands black.

We called him Jimmy.

3.有时为强调宾语或宾语过长为保持句子平衡而把二者位置互换。

He pushed open the door.

I could see lurking a deep midnight green.

可作宾语补足语的类别:

1.名词：注意elect, choose, make, appoint等之后若跟的是表示正式职位或独一无二的头衔的名词时，此名词前不带冠词。

They named the child Jim.

We made Liming monitor.

2.形容词：

She boiled the egg hard.

I found the book very interesting.

3.动词不定式：注意感觉动词和使役动词之后作宾语补足语的不定式要省略to，但这类动词变为被动语态时其后省略的to必须加上。

He expected me to do the work.

I'll have them see you.

--- ->They will be had to see you.

4.动名词：

I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.

5.分词：

(1)宾语与现在分词之间是主动关系，与过去分词之间是被动关系。

I have guests coming.

He tried to make himself understood when he was speaking.

(2)不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动含义，只表示已完成的含义。

He found his mother gone.

6.介词短语：

I found everything in good condition.