漫谈反意疑问句 江苏 刘志生 一、概念:反意疑问句(disjunctive questions)表示说话人提出某种情况或看法,询问对方是否同意,也称为附加疑问句(tag questions)或反意问句。 二、构成:陈述句+简略疑问句。His father
is a boss, isn’t he? 三、特点:前肯后否,前否后肯。She goes to school at six every day, doesn’t she? 四、形式:肯定陈述句+否定简略疑问句;否定陈述句+肯定简略疑问句。 You
can make a model plane, can’t you? He doesn’t have lunch at home, does
he? 五、语调:陈述部分用降调,后面简略疑问部分若表示提问者对陈述部分的事实把握较大或进一步强调时,则用降调(↘);若提问者对所陈述部分的事实没有多大把握而需要对方来确定时,则用升调(↗)。 六、回答:如果事实是肯定的,就用 Yes;反之,如果事实是否定的,就用 No。即 Yes+肯定简答,No+否定简答。 1. 陈述句的谓语是肯定形式:You can fly a
kite, can't you? 你会放风筝,是吗? Yes, I
can(fly a kite).是的,我会放风筝。 No, I
can't (fly a kite). 不,我不会放风筝。 2. 陈述句的谓语是否定形式:You don’t learn
French, do you? 你不学法语,是吗? Yes, I
do.(Yes, I learn French.) 不,我学法语。 No, I
don’t. (No, I don’t learn French.)是的,我不学法语。 七、 注意: 1. 简略疑问句中的主语必须与陈述句的主语指的是同一人或物,而且不论原句的主语是名词还是代词,都必须用人称代词形式来代替(there be句型除外) Your
brother is a driver,
isn’t he? (不能说 isn’t your brother?或is not he?) 2. 简略疑问句中的谓语必须是助动词、情态动词或连系动词be的适当形式,而且时态、数、人称等要与前面陈述句部分一致,若与not 搭配时,则必须要用其缩写式。 Mary dances well, doesn’t she? (不能说does not she? 或doesn’t Mary?) They can keep the book for two weeks, can’t they? ((不能说can not they 或cannot they?) 八、 特殊情况: 1. 如果陈述部分的主语是由every, some, any, no与one 和body 构成的指人的复合不定代词时,那么简略疑问部分的主语可用he或 they ,但为了避免性别歧视,一般用 they。 Everyone/Everybody
is here, isn’t he/aren’t they? No one except him knows Japanese in his class, do they? 2.如果陈述部分的主语是由every, some, any, no与thing构成的指物的复合不定代词时,那么简略疑问部分的主语只能用it。 Everything
goes well, doesn’t it? Something
will make 3.如果陈述部分的there be是用来表示存在时,那么简略疑问部分用there作主语,而省略主语代词。 There
are some books on the desk, aren’t there? There is
nothing interesting in today’s newspaper, is there? There will be a class meeting this afternoon, won’t there? 但若there或here表示的是地点或作引导词用于到装句时,则简略疑问部分的主语应用陈述句真实主语相应的代词形式。 There
goes the bell, doesn’t it? Here is
a watch, isn’t it? Here
comes the bus, doesn’t it 4. 如果陈述部分的主语是this, that,那么简略疑问部分的主语用it;如果陈述部分的主语是these, those ,那么简略疑问部分的主语用they。 This is
an old picture, isn’t it? Those
are very famous pictures, aren’t they? 5.如果陈述句部分含有no, nobody, never, hardly, few, little, neither, none, seldom等表示否定意义的词时,那么简略疑问部分应用肯定形式。 There’s
little water in the bottle, is there? She can
hardly speak English, can she? 6.如果陈述句部分含有否定的前缀或后缀构成的表示否定意义的词时,那么应将其看作肯定句,因而简略疑问部分用否定形式。试比较: She
doesn’t feel happy, does she? She feels unhappy, doesn’t she That’s not possible, is it? That’s impossible, isn’t it? 7. 如果陈述部分的主语是一个分句、动词不定式或是分词短语,那么简略疑问部分的主语用it. What he
said is right, isn’t it? Eating
too much is bad for your health, isn’t it? 8. 如果陈述句部分是一个主从复合句时,那么简略疑问部分的主语与动词应与主句的主语和动词保持一致。 He told
us Mrs. White wouldn’t come, didn’t he? She says
he is a good teacher, doesn’t she? 9. 如果陈述句部分是一个主从复合句, 其谓语动词为think, believe, guess, suppose等表示“猜测、推断”的词时,且主句主语为第一人称,那么简略疑问部分的主语和动词应与从句保持一致;若主句是否定时,还应考虑否定转移。 I think nothing
can make her laugh, can it? I didn’t
expect that she would come here soon, would she? I don’t
believe he is serious, is he? I’m sure
you have seen the film, haven’t you? 但当主语为第二、三人称时,则简略疑问部分的主语和动词应与主句保持一致。 She believes you are right, doesn’t she? John doesn’t think Mrs. Green has left the office yet, does he? You don’t think Jack will come, do you? 10. 如果陈述部分是感叹句,那么简略疑问部分应用否定式;若主语和谓语部分省略时,则一般用动词be的现在式。 How hard
they worked, didn’t they? How
well she dances, doesn’t she? What a
clever boy, isn’t he?
What beautiful flowers, aren’t they? 11. 如果陈述部分为祈使句,那么简略疑问部分除了以Let’s开头的用shall we?之外,其它不论是肯定还是否定,其疑问部分一律可用will you? Let’s
go boating, shall we? Don’t
open the door, will you? Let us
go to the cinema, will you? 12. 如果陈述部分是个并列句,那么简略疑问部分应与接近的分句的主语和谓语保持一致。 Mary is
a doctor but her brother isn’t (a doctor), is he? I help
her and she helps me, doesn’t she? Tom is
interested in sports while his sister is interested in music, isn’t she? 13. 如果陈述部分是以“I am…”开头,因am与not之间没有缩写形式,因此,简略疑问部分通常用aren’t I 或am I not ;若陈述部分为“I am not…” 时,则应用am I 。 I am a
middle school student, aren’t I? I am not
a manager, am I? 14. 如果陈述部分含有“too …to ”或“neither… nor”结构时,那么因其含有否定含义,所以简略疑问部分应用其肯定形式。 He is
too young to carry the bag, is he? She can
neither sing nor dance, can she? The
apples are too high to reach, are they? 15. 如果陈述部分 的谓语为wish 时,那么其疑问部分可用 “may+主语”的形式。 I wish
to fly to the moon in a spaceship some day, may I? Tom
wishes to meet her at the airport, may he? We wish
we could see the most beautiful animal in the zoo, may we? 16. 如果陈述部分的两个主语是由not … but 连接时,那么因其强调的是后者,所以其后的疑问部分的主语应与后者保持一致。 Not Tom
but you are right, aren’t you? Not we
but Mary has been to the Great Wall, hasn’t she? 17. 如果陈述部分的两个主语是由not only… but also, neither…nor, both…and, and等连接时, 那么简略疑问部分的主语通常用复数形式。 Not only
I but also she has read the story, haven’t we? Neither
you nor he lives there, do you? 18. 如果陈述部分的谓语动词是“used to+动词原形”时,那么简略疑问部分既可用usedn’t,也可用 didn’t ;但在表示存在的there be结构中,则只能用 wasn’t/weren’t there形式。 He used
to smoke, usedn’t /didn’t he? There used to be an old stone bridge over the river, wasn’t there? 19. 在no/half/all/some 及some/each/none of…结构中,如果后接不可数名词,那么其简略疑问部分的主语为it;如果后接可数名词或代词复数,那么简略疑问部分的主语应用复数形式they。 None of
the water is clean, is it? None of
the boys went there, did they? 20. 如果陈述部分有表示猜测的情态动词can’t, may, must等时,那么其疑问部分的动词应与其后的或助动词保持一致。 He may
leave at any time, doesn’t he 他随时都可能离开,不是吗? She
can’t be a singer, is she? 她不可能是歌手,是吗? 但当情态动词后的动词是完成时态:若句中有明显的过去时间状语,则疑问部分的动词形式用didn’t;若句中没有具体的过去时间状语,则疑问部分的动词形式用haven’t/hasn’t. She must
have arrived there yesterday, didn’t she?
她昨天一定到那儿了,不对吗? The boss
must have gone to the station, hasn’t he? 老板一定去车站了,不是吗? You must
have studied English for many years, haven’t you? 你一定学了多年英语,不是吗? 21.如果陈述部分的谓语动词是have: ⑴ 若have的含义为“有”,则其简略疑问部分可用haven’t或don’t的适当形式。 Jack has a few friends here, hasn’t/doesn’t
he? ⑵ 若have的含义不为“有”,则其简略疑问部分只能借助于助动词。 They
have sports at 5:00 in the afternoon, don’t they? ⑶ 若have 作为助动词,则其简略疑问部分只能在其后加上not,用 haven’t 的适当形式。 She has
seen the film, hasn’t she? They
have gone to the zoo, haven’t they? 22. 如果陈述部分含有动词need,
dare 时,那么简略疑问部分的动词应视其在句中作情态动词还是助动词的具体情况而定。 You
needn’t go with her, need you? He
doesn’t need to come here today, does he? 23.如果陈述部分含有缩略形式’d时,那么简略疑问部分的助动词应注意分清是用had 还是would 。 You’d
better come to see her tomorrow, hadn’t you? He’d
like not to do it, would he? 24.如果陈述部分含有缩略形式’s时,那么简略疑问部分的动词应注意分清是用is还是has。 She’s a
doctor, isn’t she? She’s
been to the Great Wall, hasn’t she? 25.如果陈述部分的开头有语气词So、Ah等词时,因其通常带有感情色彩,故其疑问部分的肯定与否定应与前句保持一致,因其并非是表示“反意”,而是属于同向疑问尾句。 So you
aren’t a manager, aren’t you? Ah, he
is a professor, is he? 26.如果陈述部分的谓语动词含有情态动ought to时,那么其疑问部分的动词可用oughtn’t或shouldn’t。 We ought
to finish the work today, oughtn’t/
shouldn’t we? 27.如果陈述部分为“It is said /reported/told that …”句式,那么其疑问部分的主谓语应与that从句保持一致。 It is said that you have
been to the Great Wall, haven’t you? 28.如果陈述部分的谓语动词含有must: ⑴ 如果表示“必须”时,那么其疑问部分的动词可用needn’t。 We must
start early, needn’t we? ⑵ 如果表示“应该”时,那么其疑问部分的动词应用mustn’t。 We must
study hard, mustn’t we? ⑶ 如果表示“禁止”时,通常用的是mustn’t,那么其疑问部分的动词可用must或may。 We mustn’t be late, must/may we? You
mustn’t stay at home any longer,
must/may you? 邮编223711手机13851353226邮箱syliuzhisheng@126.com地址:江苏泗阳王集中心学校 |
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