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高考英语 2）不规则动词变化： bring (brought, brought), build (built, built ), buy ( bought, bought), catch ( caught, caught ), choose ( chose, chosen ), come ( came, come), cost (cost, cost), cut (cut, cut ), deal (dealt, dealt ), dig (dug, dug ), draw (drew, drawn), drive (drove, driven), drink (drank, drunk), eat (ate, eaten ), fall (fell, fallen ), feed (fed, fed ), feel (felt, felt ), fight (fought, fought ), find (found, found ), forbid (forbade, forbidden), forget (forgot, forgotten), forgive (forgave, forgiven), get (got, got), give (gave, given), go (went, gone), grow (grew, grown), hear (heard, heard), hit (hit, hit ), hold (held, held ), hurt (hurt, hurt ), keep (kept, kept), know (knew, known), lay (laid, laid), lead (led, led), leave (left, left), lend (lent, lent),lie (lay, lain ), lie (lied, lied), lose (lost, lost), make (made, made), mean (meant, meant),meet (met, met), mistake (mistook, mistaken), pay (paid, paid), put (put, put), read (read, read ), ring (rang, rung ), rise (rose, risen ), run (ran, run ), say (said, said ), see (saw, seen), sell (sold, sold ), send (sent, sent ), shake (shook, shaken ), set (set, set ), shine (shone, shone), shoot( shot, shot), show (showed, shown ), shut (shut, shut), sing (sang, sung ),sink (sank, sunk )sit (sat, sat), sleep (slept, slept), smell (smelt, smelt ), speak (spoke, spoken), spell (spelt, spelt), spend (spent, spent ), stand (stood, stood), steal (stole, stolen), swim (swam, swum), take (took, taken), teach (taught, taught),tear (tore, torn),tell (told, told ), think (thought, thought),throw (threw, thrown),understand (understood, understood), wake (woke, woken), wear (wore, worn), win (won, won),write (wrote, written), （3）不规则名词复数变化： child,(children), Englishman (Englishmen), Frenchman (Frenchmen),foot (feet ), knife (knives), leaf (leaves), life (lives),man (men),mouse (mice),ox (oxen), policeman (policemen), sheep (sheep), thief (thieves), tooth (teeth),woman (women), （4）代词： I, my, me, mine, myself We, our, us, ours, ourselves you, your, you, yours, yourself, yourselves, 你＼你们 he, his, him, his, himself, she, her, her, hers, herself, they, their, them, theirs, themselves 他们＼她们 it, its, it, its, itself （5）高级词汇：(300) absent, absence, advantage, disadvantage, adventure, advance, altogether, anxiety, apologize, astonished, astonishing, atmosphere 气氛, apart from除…都, 除…外（还有）,appearance 外表，外貌，出现，balance, beautify, celebrate, communicate, communication交流，沟通comfort , confident 自信的, confidence信心，自信心, consideration, take … into consideration对 进行考虑, crazy, criticize批评，责备, decision, delicious, deliver, delighted, demand, depth, destination 目的地desire, determine, determination, description, decrease, disappointed, disappointing, disturb, division, during, encourage, encouragement鼓励 n , endless, employ, enjoyable令 愉快的, enthusiastic 热情的，热心的，enter, entrance, environment 环境, escape, especially, eventually 最后，终于exact, exactly, excellent, exhibition, expectaion期待，期望expensive, experience, experiment, explanation, extremely, eyesight, favourite, foundation基础, fortunate, fortunately, unfortunate, unfortunately不幸的是, frequent, frequently, frightening, frightened, furniture, generation, gentle, glance, goal, gradually, greatly, greet, happiness, hardly, hard-working, height, helpful, human being, imagine, immediate, immediately, international, interrupt, lately(recently), length, limit, limited, lively活泼的，活跃的, lovely,可爱的 luggage, meanwhile, measure，测量，措施, magazine, marriage, material, opportunity机会, major, majority, memory, mention, normal, nowadays, a number of, nervous紧张的, outstanding, permit, without permission 未经同意persuade, pleasant, pleasure, plenty of, precious, pronounce, pronunciation, provide sth. for sb., pretend, pretty, punish, punishment惩罚, purpose, rapid, realize, realization, recognize, request, remain, remind, relative, relation, relationship, regular, require, research, respect, restaurant, revolution, satisfied, satisfaction满意 n, sandwich, satisfy, score, scores of, seldom, science, scientific, scientist, scold责备, sentence, sentence sb. to death, separate, separate… from, sense, make sense, make sense of, serious, servant, serve, service, several, shame, shape, share, sharp, shelf, shock, shocked, shortcoming,缺点 sight, catch sight of, in sight, sign, similar, be similar to, silver, slightly, smooth, social, socialist, socialism, special, specially, speech, struggle, straight, strength, strengthen加强,巩固，suffer, sudden, suddenly, stare, splendid, standard水平，标准starve, starvation, stomach, stomachache, standard, stupid, suppose, supply, surface, surprise, in surprise惊奇地, surprising, surprisingly 令人吃惊地，surprised, threaten, technical, technology, teenager 十几岁的青少年，telegraph, temperature温度,tradition传统，traditional传统的，through thick and thin不顾艰难， 同甘共苦transport, treasure, as usual 像平常一样, usually, valley, valuable, value, variety, various, vegetable, university, unknown, up and down, wealth, wealthy, willing 语法复习一：句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句 一、句子成分 （一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 （二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。一句话语法: 主语由名词性的词来充当. 例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） （三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。一句话语法: 谓语由动词充当. 有很多同学在写作的时候容易犯的错误就是要么乱用be动词,要么句子没有谓语动词. 谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。注意:这里面的动词原形非常重要. 如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. （四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。一句话语法: 表语使用形容词,不用副词! 例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词）注意: 副词可以做表语的只有几个,非常简单,考试不考,所以上面说:表语使用形容词,不用副词! 我们所复习的语法直接针对高考,不是搞语法研究,这点请大家一定要记住. The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） （七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。一句话语法:定语使用形容词 定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） （八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子(这个就叫状语,一句话语法: 状语用副词,不用形容词)，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）(表示时间就是时间状语,那表示原因的呢? 对喽,就是原因状语) Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语） 二、简单句、并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before. 特点: 用句号结束一个句子 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she? 疑问句就是问句 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class 祈使句: 表示命令或者请求. 和有没有主语没有关系 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! 还有一个结构是用 what. how 后面加上的是形容词副词.what后面加上的是名词. 2、按句子的结构可分三种： 1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。要注意哟,逗号是不可以连接句子的,这一点和汉语不同. e.g. You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。 3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。有主句和从句构成,在一个句子前面加上连词(当然不是and,but,or了),这个句子就是从句了. e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. （二）简单句的五种基本句型 1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student. 2、主语+不及物动词：e.g. We work. 3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary. 4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）： e.g. My father bought me a car. 5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh. 注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。这是非常重要的,不需要理解,背下来吧 注二：简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。 （三）并列句的分类 1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John. 2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train. 3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 这里大家记住这些连词就够用了.如果一下子记不住这么多,就记一个两个,记住有的时候不要和自己较劲 高考语法复习二、主谓一致在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。（一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。 1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you. 2、由连接词and或both … and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers. 注意：① 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / ② 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room.. / No boy and no girl likes it. 3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall. 4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter. 注意：① 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. ② 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America. 5、在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard. 6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注意：people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child. 7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls. 注意： a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“…的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。 8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts. （二）逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。 1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing. 2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式， 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如： “The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book. 4、表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table. 5、算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven. 6、一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn’t easy to study. 7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his. 8、“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。 （三）就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。 1、当两个主语由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right? 2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room.. 注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。 很多同学看了很多语法书, 可是觉得自己做题的时候, 自己对语法掌握得还不是很好. 当然原因很多. 其一就是很多同学在研究语法(这是语法学家做的事情), 比如哪些词可以做主语, 背得很熟, 可是做题时却用不上. 其二就是基本的语法规则没有掌握 本帖是英语复习专题, 这里是从高考的角度来讲语法 希望对有需要的同学有帮助. 本专题使用的材料来源于网络,作者不祥. 本编写组在原来的基础上进一步做了解析。 语法复习三：名词性从句在前面我们已经知道了什么是句子.我们可以这样解释什么叫从句:在一个句子的前面加上一个连接词,这个句子就变成了从句.如果这个从句做了主语,它就是主语从句.其它的以此类推. 注: 1.特殊疑问句本身可以做从句,它不需要加连接词. 2.所有的从句要使用陈述语序. 陈述语序: 句子第一个词永远是主语;第二个词可能是情态动词\助动词等加上动词,或者是动词本身. 名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。名词性从句,顾名思义,它具有名词性.所以可以作主语,宾语等等.回忆一下句子成分那一章（一）引导名词性从句的连接词 1、连接代词：who, whose, whom, what, which。有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。 2、连接副词：when, where, why, how。有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。 3、连接词：that, whether, if, as if, that （二）主语从句 1、主语从句在复合句作主语。 Who will go is not important. 2、用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。 It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not. 3、that引导主语从句时放在句首时，不能省略。 That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised. 实用例句: Is it true that he will be punished seriously by the headmaster? Does it make any difference who bought these gifts? How strange it is that these children are so quiet! 注意: 表示是否,只能使用whether. （三）表语从句 1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。 The question was who could go there. 2、引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。 My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work. 注意: 表示是否,只能使用whether. （四）宾语从句 1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。 I hope (that) everything is all right. 2、介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或 whether。 I’m interested in whether you’ve finished the work.. I’m interested in what you’ve said. 3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。 if和whether区别 ①宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。 e.g. I wonder if it doesn’t rain. ②用if 会引起误解，就要用whether。 e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解） ③宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。 e.g. I don’t know whether or not the report is true. I don’t know whether/ if the report is true or not. ④介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。 It depends on whether we have enough time. They don’t know whether to go there. Please come to see me if you have time. 状语从句实用例句: 使用it作形式宾语 I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours. He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project. 注意: 形式主语和形式宾语只有一个替代词: it （五）同位语从句同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容。 I have no idea when he will be back. The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody 语法复习四：定语从句（一）定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导 1、关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as 2、关系副词：when, where, why 关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首(大家想一想什么叫从句来的? 在一个句子前面加上连词.在定语从句中这个连词叫做关系词.关系词的概念是:既要起连接作用,又要在从句中做成分)，主句先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用， 同时在从句中又充当句子成分。 e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.（关系代词who在从句中作主语） The comrade with whom I came knows French. （whom在从句中作介词with的宾语）关系词的概念是:既要起连接作用,又要在从句中做成分,那么怎么作这个成分呢(下面的用法要牢记哟): 3、关系代词和关系副词的用法：1）当先行词为人时用who 作主语，whom作宾语；2）当先行词为物或整个句子时用which ，可作主语或宾语；3）先行词为人、物时用that ，可作主语或宾语；4）whose用作定语，可指人或物；5）关系副词when（指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，where（指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语），why（指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语）。定语从句分为: 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句.怎么区分,对于我们初学者来说记住:非限制性定语从句前面或者后面有逗号! （二）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。 e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited. （去掉定语从句，意思就不完整） 2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。 e.g. Tom’s father , who is over sixty,(看好这就是非限定性从语从句.注意到逗号了吗?) still works hard day and night.（who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译）（三）使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题 1、that与which的区别。 1）用that而不用 which的情况：①先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, …；②先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰；③先行词有only, very, any等词修饰；④先行词既有人又有物时。 e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。 The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。 This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。 Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. . 省略这部分语法没有什么可讲的,把一些规则记下来就可以. 三、省略为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况：（一）简单句中的省略 1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。 e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.（括号内为省略的词语，下同） (I) see you tomorrow. (It) Doesn’t matter. 2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。 e.g. (There is) No smoking. (Is there) Anything wrong? Why (do you) not say hello to him? 3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。 e.g. ---- Are you going there? ---- I’d like to (go there). He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance). 注意：如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be或have。 e.g. ---- Are you an engineer? ---- No, but I want to be. ---- He hasn’t finished the task yet. ---- Well, he ought to have. 4、省略表语。 e.g. ---- Are you thirsty? ---- Yes, I am (thirsty). 5、同时省略几个成分。 e.g. Let’s meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday. ---- Have you finished your work? ---- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet. （二）并列句中的省略两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。 e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse. I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school. （三）主从复合句中的省略 1、主句中有一些成分被省略。 e.g. (I’m) Sorry to hear that you are ill. (It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance. 2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。 e.g. ---- Is he coming back tonight? ---- I think so. ---- Is he feeling better today? ---- I’m afraid not. 这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。（但I don’t think so比I think not更常用）。（四）其它省略 1、连词that的省略： ①、宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分）。 ②、在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略。 ③、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。 2、不定式符号to的省略 ①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。 e.g. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment. ②、某些使役动词（如let, make, have）及感官动词（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中须把to复原。 e.g. ---- I saw the boy fall from the tree. ---- The boy was seen to fall from the tree. ③、介词but前若有动词do，后面的不定式不带to。 e.g. The boy did nothing but play. 3、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省去“主语 + be”部分。（参看“状语从句”有关部分） 4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分） 5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。 e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be). 四、插入语英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或者句子，用来补充某些含义。语法上称他们为“插入语”。（一）插入语的类型： 1、单词（多是副词），如：besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。 e.g. She is looking fit, though. 他看起来倒是健康。 I can, however, discuss this when I see you. 2、短语 e.g. China and India, for example, are neighbours. By the way, where are you from? 3、句子 e.g. He is an honest man, I believe. Jack, as far as I know, isn’t clever. （二）插入语的位置通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。但有时，也可位于句首或句末（见上面例句）。也有时，并不用逗号隔开。 e.g. You know that I think you are wrong. 我认为，你明白你错了。 What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？（三）插入语在句中的作用一般来说，插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去，句子的含义不大受影响。但是，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。 e.g. He got the news from nobody knows where. 他这消息谁也不知道是从哪儿得来的。（四）插入语的特殊用法下面这种复杂的特殊疑问句，也可认为包含有“插入语”。这种疑问句（有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句”）常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极高。常用动词有say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine 等。 e.g. How long did you say she would stay here? When do you suppose they’ll be back? How old did you think she was （五）大纲中要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语 by the way 顺便说，顺便问一下；so far 到目前为止；and so on 等等；on the contrary 相反； no wonder 不足为奇；as a matter of fact 事实上；come along 快点，来吧；in other words 换句话说；as usual 如同以往；as a result 因此，结果。下面的练习题要做熟! 做熟之后,你就会发现上面的规则你已经记得差不多了. 不要硬记规则,一是不记住,二是就是记住了,到时应用也成问题 语法复习六：状语从句由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。（一）时间状语从句表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner … than, hardly (scarcely) … when, every time等引导。 e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting. He started as soon as he received the news. Once you see him, you will never forget him. No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep. （二）原因状语从句原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as , now that（既然）等，for 表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。 e.g. He is disappointed because he didn't get the position. As it is raining, I will not go out. Now that you mention it, I do remember. （三）地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。 e.g. Sit wherever you like. Make a mark where you have a question. （四）目的状语从句引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。 e.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you. She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons. He left early in case he should miss the train. （五）结果状语从句结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so … that, such … that等引导。 e.g. She was ill, so that she didn’t attend the meeting. He was so excited that he could not say a word. She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her. （六）条件状语从句条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。 e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch. You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean. So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months. You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you don’t go too far away from the river bank. If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her. （七）让步状语从句让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether … or, no matter who (when, what, …) 等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。 e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot. Child as he is, he knows a lot. Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, I’ll never change my mind. （八）方式状语从句方式状语从句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引导。 e.g. You must do the exercise as I show you. He acted as if nothing had happened. （九）比较状语从句比较状语从句常用than, so (as) … as, the more … the more等引导。 e.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have. He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford. The busier he is, the happier he feels. （十）使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题 1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。 e.g. We’ll go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow. I’ll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai. 2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be ，就可省略从句中的“主语 + be”部分。 e.g. When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night. If (you are) asked you may come in. If (it is) necessary I’ll explain to you again. 3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。 e.g. You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句） Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词） I don’t know where he came from.（宾语从句） Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句） This place is where they once hid.（表语从句） 语法复习七：倒装句英语最基本的语序是主语在前，谓语动词在后。但有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调，就要采用倒装形式。将谓语动词完全移到主语之前称为完全倒装，只将助动词或情态动词放到主语之前称为部分倒装。强调性倒装和以so, neither, nor开头的句子是高考例题的热点。（一）倒装句的意义 1、适应一定的语法结构的需要，主要是指疑问句句型结构的需要。 e.g. May I come in? Was the People’s Liberation Army founded in 1927? 2、为了强调某一部分，而把这部分放到句首，构成倒装。 e.g. Never have I been late for school this term. So early did he come to school that no other students came. （二）倒装的使用情况 1、在 “there be” 结构里，there是引导词，主语在be后。 e.g. There is a box on the table. 2、在疑问句中。 e.g. Is she singing in the classroom? What does your mother do? 3、在here, there等副词开头的某些句子里（要用一般现在时态）。如果主语是人称代词，主语和主要动词的词序不变。（完全倒装） e.g. There goes the bell. Here is an apple for you. There she comes. 4、重复倒装句型，用在以so, nor, neither开头，表示谓语所述的情况也适用于另一个人或一事物的肯定或否定句中。so用于肯定句，表示“也一样”、“也这样”；nor, neither用于否定句，表示“同样也不，也不这样”。 e.g. I am watching TV. So is she. My parents didn’t watch TV last night. Neither (Nor) did I. 5、直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时，主句中的主谓也常直接倒装。（完全倒装） e.g. “Very well,” said the French student. “Bring me two eggs and a cup of tea, please.” said he. 6、在以never, little, hardly, not only, few, not, seldom等否定副词开头的句子中，采用部分倒装。如不放在句首就不要倒装。 e.g. Little did he say at the meeting. Never shall I forget the day when I joined the Army. 比较：I shall never forget the day when I joined the Army. 7、用于以only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句的句子中。 (注意当修饰主语时不倒装) e.g. Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to wrk. Only in this way can we learn English well. 注意：如果only后的词组不是状语，不需倒装。 e.g. Only Wang Lili knows this. 8、为了表达生动，有时把表地点、方位的副词，如 up, down, out, away, in等放在句首，同时把谓语动词放在主语之前。若主语为人称代词，主语和谓语动词的位置不变，只将副词放在句首。（完全倒装） e.g. Away hurried the boy. Out rushed the girl. 9、在虚拟结构中，条件从句的谓语含有were, had 和should这三个词是，可省去if，将这些词移至主语之前。 e.g. Had I time (= If I had time), I would go and help you. Were I you (= If I were you), I would go abroad. Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 10、as引导让步状语从句时要倒装（形容词/ 副词/ 名词/ 动词 + as + 主语 + 谓语）。 e.g. Proud as they are, they are afraid to see me. Child as he is, he seems to know everything.（child前不加冠词） Hard as he worded, he made little progress. 11、用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。 e.g. May you succeed! Long live the People’s Republic of China! 12、So + 形容词、副词及such 置于句首时要倒装。 So happy did he feel. Such was me. 语法复习八：动词时态和语态（1）一句话语法: 时态题关键是确定时间点,时间点是通过语境来确定. 动词时态和语态（2）一、时态的呼应：在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。 1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears. 2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意到下列情况：（1）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时，如：She said she was busy then. (2)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时，如：I didn’t know that she had been to London twice. (3)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时，如：They didn’t know when they would have a rest. (4)如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round. (5)如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时，如：Tome said he was born in 1975. 二、被动语态：英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者，一般由介词by引起的短语来表示，如:We often help them. (主动)我们常帮助他们。They are often helped by us.(被动)他们常被我们帮助。 1、被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词be的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成。 2、被动语态八种时态的用法例句:被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的基本用法相同，只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者，如: (1)一般现在时：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country. (2)一般过去时：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959. (3)一般将来时: When will the work be finished? (4)过去将来时：He told us that the work would be finished the next day. (5)现在进行时： Your tractor is being repaired now.(6)过去进行时： The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in. (7)现在完成时： The work hasn’t been finished yet. (8)过去完成: The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began. 3、在下列情况下，一般使用被动语态：（1）当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动作执行者时，如：Paper was first made in China. （2）当强调或突出动作承受者的作用时，如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker. 4、由主动语态转换为被动语态的几种句型：（1）将一个句子由主动语态转换为被动语态时，可按下列步骤进行：①先将主动结构的宾语改为被动结构的主语；②再将主动语态动词改为被动语态动词；③最后在被动语态之后加介词by，并将主动结构的主语放在by之后（经常被省略），构成介词短语；④由主动语态动词改为被动语态动词时，要注意被动语态动词中助动词be的各种形式变化，因为被动语态动词的不同人称和数是由助动词be不同的形式来表示的，如：Trees are planted every spring.（２）如果主动语态动词后又有直接宾语，又有间接宾语，一般是将间接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将直接宾语保留在原处。如将直接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将间接宾语保留在原处时，一般要在间接宾语前加介词to或 for，如：Grandma told me an interesting story last night.→Ｉwas told an interesting story last night./ An interesting story was told to me last night. （３）主动语态中的宾语加带有宾语补足语时，改为被动语态时，就将宾语改为主语，将宾补保留在原处，而成为被动语态句中主语的补足语了。宾补可以有下列几种情况：①宾补为动词不定式，如：They asked her to sing a song. →She was asked to sing a song. 在动词make, see, hear, watch, notice等之后，不定式的to在主动语态里可要省略，而被动语态里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab.②宾补为分词，如：They heard them singing at the time.→They were heard singing at that time.③宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，如：She kept me busy all the morning. →I was kept busy all the morning.（４）如果主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词，改为被动语态时，要注意不要遗漏短语中的介词或副词，以保持短语动词的完整性，如：She always takes good care of the children. →The children are always taken good care of. （５）含有情态动词的动词改为被动语态时是将情态动词后面的动词原形改为被动语态，因其前有情态动词，所以构成被动语态的助动词be就要使用原形，如：They must finish the work before Friday. →The work must be finished before Friday.（６）be going to, be to, used to, have to和had better等结构，其作用相当于情态动词或助动词，在改为被动语态时，只需将后面的动词原形改为被动语态即可，如：The are not going to put off the football match. →The football match is not going to be put off. 一句话语法: 时态题关键是确定时间点,时间点是通过语境来确定. 被动语态的结构是: be+v-ed; 完成被动形式是什么呢,对, 就是完成+被动 have/has/had +v-ed 是完成; 被动是: be+v-ed; 两者组合在一起: have/has/had been +v-ed; 其它时态的被动形式,以此类推. 语法复习九：动词词义辨析动词是是各类考试的重点，高考试题中，单项填空、完形填空和改错等三项题型中，动词辨义的比重较大，并逐年增加。动词辨义主要指：1、形状相同的动词之间辨义。如：lie, lay; hanged, hung; rise, raise; sit, seat等。2、意义相近的动词之间辨义。如：borrow, lend; speak, say, talk; hope, wish等。3、动词与其它词形相近、意义相似的词的辨义。如：advise, advice; cost, worth; pass, past 等。4、意义不同，但容易混淆的动词的辨义。如： explain, say; discover, invent, uncover; find, find out等。 5、某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨义。如：ask, give, call, make, find, get, keep, want, see, hear等。6、某些常用动词短语的辨义。如： give in, give up, turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up等。（一）易混动词 1、lay（放）, lie（躺）与lie（说谎）：放 lay laid laid laying 及物动词躺 lie lay lain lying 不及物动词说谎 lie lied lied lying 不及物动词 2、rise和raise：rise是不及物动词，其过去式是rose，过去分词是risen，而raise是及物动词，是规则动词。 3、hear与listen to：hear侧重点是听到，听见什么，而listen to是侧重于听的倾向，但hear用于无意中的听见，而listen to却用于集中注意力的听。 4、see, watch和look：see用作看电影，剧目；watch则用作看电视比赛，而watch还有在旁观看之意。如：Are you going to play or only watch?；look一般用作不及物动词，只是当盯着某人看时用作及物动词，如：The little boy looked me in the face.（小男孩直盯着我的脸。） 5、wind和wound：wind意为蜿蜒而行，其过去式与过去分词都是wound，而动词原形wound意为伤害，其过去式、过去分词都是wounded。 6、hang的用法：hang有两个意思：一为悬挂，是不规则动词，过去式、过去分词都是hung；二为绞刑，是规则动词，其过去式、过去分词都是hanged。 7、hear的过去分词born与borne：bear作为出生讲有两个过去分词born，borne。只有当be+born…短语后没有by介词短语时，才可用born。如:He was born in Shanghai. 而作它用时要用borne。如：She has borne five children. 但如果作忍受讲，则一律用borne。 8、sit与seat：seat为及物动词时是作容纳讲，sit只是表示一动作。seat如果表示就座时要用be seated。如：They were seated at their desks. 或用seat oneself, 比如:I seated myself in the armchair. 9、borrow, lend与keep：借入英文中用borrow，借出用lend，但这两个词都是截止性动词或瞬间动词，不能用于长时间的动作，所以我能借多久应用keep。 10、win与beat：win作胜、赢讲时其后应接，a game, an argument, a battle, a prize, a contest, a race, a bet，但不能接人，如果接人则有另外的含意。如:I have won him. 即我已说服他了，我赢得他的好感。而beat是及物动词为击败、胜过讲，直接接人、队。 11、steal与rob：steal为偷。rob为抢，其用法不同。steal其后接物+from+某人、某地，而rob其后接人+of+抢的物品。 12、fit与suit：fit与suit均可作合适讲，但英文中却用在不同的地方。如fit用于尺寸大小的合适，而suit则多用于颜色式样的合适。 13、take, bring 与fetch：英文中拿三个词，即拿来，拿去，去取然后回来(即双程)。所以拿来，带来是bring，拿去带走是take，而去取回来是fetch。 14、shut与close：shut与close有时是可以互换的，但有些地方则不可这样做。如:在正式场合多用close，而在命令，态度粗暴的场合则用shut。如: Shut your mouth!(闭嘴)；又如:Shut up. 在指铁路、公路交通关闭或停止使用的场合，则要用close。 15、answer与reply：作为回答讲answer是及物动词，如作不及物动词，则意义不同，如answer for，意为向某人或向某事负责。而reply作回答讲是不及物动词，后跟宾语时，要加上to。 16、reach，arrive与get to：reach当到达讲是及物动词，而当延伸和拿得到、拿不到时讲，则是不及物动词。作到达讲时还有get to, arrive(at/in)。 17、cost，spend与take：英文中花费有三个词cost, spend, take，但各有不同用法。cost作 “花费”讲，主语不能是人，而spend的主语不能是物。如: she spent all his money on stamps.而take作花费讲时，可用人也可用物做主语。更多的用法是用形式主语it，如It takes me three hours to finish this work. 18、lost, gone与missing：作补足语时意为丢失、不见了，可以用 lost, gone，但要用 miss时则不能用missed, 而要用missing. 19、have on, wear, put on及dress：作穿衣服讲的动词分为状态和动作两种。have on与wear作穿着状态讲;但have on不用进行时态，而wear则常要用进行时态。put on是动作，但dress既可用作状态，又可用作穿衣动作，但用作状态时要用其过去分词作形容词如:He was dressed in a b1ue suit作动作讲时，其后不要接衣物而要接反身代词或表示人、物的名词，如： I dress my children in the morning every day. 20、begin与start begin与Start 均可作开始讲，并无多少区别，同样可接不定式或动名词，但在下面的场合多要用Start：1)机器的开动发动；2)旅途的开始。如: we shou1d have to start early because there was a lot traffic in the street。 21、allow 与permit allow与permit其后直接接动作时要用动名词，如接人后再接动词则要用不定式，所以用在被动语态时一定要用不定式。如：People are not allowed to spit. 22、find与found find找到的过去式和过去分词都是found，而found是动词“建立”的原形，其过去式和过去分词是founded，founded，如： The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. 23、speak, say, talk 与tell 英文中讲有4个词，speak, say, talk, tell，但其中speak, talk多用作不及物动词，但speak后加语言名词时则用作及物动词，如：Please speak English。而say与tell是及物动词，其中tell常用作接双宾语，如：Tell me a story。但也有些特定的习惯用法，如：在作讲实话，讲谎言，表示时间常用单宾语而不能换其它词，如：My watch was broken. It couldn’t tell time correctly。在书信、便条、海报上写着英文应为It said …。在作辨别不同讲时是tell，如：Can you tell me the difference between the two？而讲别人好坏话时用speak，如： The father always speaks well of his son.。 24、excuse me 与sorry excuse me用于来打拢对方前以提醒对方注意的提示语，而sorry则表达因作了某事向对方道歉。 25、care for 与care to do care for其后要接不定式时则要省去for或换用名词，如： Would you care for a cup of tea？但care for作照顾讲时与look after相同。 26、与名词易混的动词有：advise(v.), advice (n.); accept(v.), except(prep.); pass(v.), past(prep.); bathe(v.), bath(n.); breathe(v.), breath(n.); choose(v.), choice(n.); succeed(v.), success(n.); 27、意义相近的动词：ring摇铃，打铃，电话铃响，strike专指敲钟，打几点，撞击；suggest提出实验性或推测性的建议，advice表示对经验不足人的一种忠告；look由视觉得出的印象，seem暗示一定根据的判定，appear外表印象而实际或结果并非如此；stay停留，逗留，remain遗物，某物被取走一部分后剩余部分；discover（发现）找到早已存在但未被人所了解的东西，invent（发明）研制出不存在的东西；remember记忆起以前经历或知道的事，remind提醒某人做某事。 28、动词 + 副词 + 介词：catch up with, look forward to, come up with, keep up with, go in for, look down on, get on with … 29、动词 + 介词to的词组有：come to, stick to, object to, agree to, turn to, attend to, belong to, devote to, reply to … 30、与in相结合的动词有：give in, hand in, bring in, drop in, succeed in, take in, check in, engage in, fill in, trade in … 二）动词短语动词短语是指动词和介词、副词或名词的习惯搭配。有关动词短语的测试点主要涉及结构上选用恰当的搭配词，不同搭配含意上的辨异及不同短语的辨异。需掌握以下要点： 1、根据动词短语的不同特点，掌握其运用规律。 (I)动词+副词(不及物) Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left. 晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。 (2)动词+副词(及物) Please turn every light in the house off. 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。注意：①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开。如： She turned off all the lights which had been left on. 她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。如：She gave them away. 她送掉了它们。 (3)动词+介词(及物) I'm looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼镜。注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。②动词短语可以放在句子或从句末尾。如：She's got more work than she can cope with. 她的工作多得使她应付不了。 (4)动词+副词+介词 I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。注：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after) 这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。 2、熟悉同一动词和不同介词或副词、不同的动词和同一介词或同一副词搭配在意义上的差异。 (1)同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：①hear from收到…的来信，hear of听说。 ②look after照料，look at看，look for寻找。 (2)同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：①ring back回电话, ring off挂断电话, ring up打电话 ②put away放好, put on穿，上演, put up挂起，举起。 (3)不同动词和同一介词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：look for寻找, call for去取(某物)，去接(某人), ask for请求, wait for等候, send for派人去叫。 (4)不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：①break out发生，爆炸, carry out进行，开展, go out熄灭, hand out分发, let out放出, look out当心, sell out卖完, set out出发, take out取出, work out算出。②break down出毛病, come down落下来, get down下车, take down取下, write down写下。 常用连词如下： as 1.一边.一边2.当...时3.因为 as soon as 一…就… as(so) long as 只要 as(so) far as 据…所知 as...as 像...一样 as-- 尽管 accordingly 因此 所以 although, though 虽然 尽管 After 在...之后 A as well as B 不但A而且B before 在...之前 besides 而且 because 因为，放在主句后。 both A and B 既是A又是B but 但是，而是，的确…但 consequently 因此 所以 either A or B 不是A是B even if 即使 even though 即使 else 否则 for fear that 以防万一 furthermore 而且 however 然而 hence 因此 所以 however 不论 if 如果 是否 in addition 而且 in order that 为了 in case 以防 假使，如果 in that 因为 既然 lest 以防万一 moreover 而且 not...until--直到...才 no sooner--than-- 一…就… not so(as)...as 不像... now that 既然 no matter(what, when, where, how) 无论(什么.何时,何地……) nor 也不 neither A nor B 既不是A也不是B not only A but also B 不但A而且B nevertheless 然而 once 一旦; 一度 on condition that 条件是 otherwise 否则 or 或，否则，不管是…，还是； provided that 如果 有时省略that still 然而 since 既然， 因为 Since 自从...通常主句用现完成时 so...that 太...以至so形容词或副词 so that 以便，为了 so可以省去。 so 因此，所以，那么，这样看来； such...that 太.以至 such后用名词。 the moment 一…就…(=as soon as) thus 因此 所以 therefore 因此 所以 more...than 比...怎么样 用于比较，后面用形容词或副词。 The more..., the more...- 越...越... though 虽然 尽管 Unless 如果不，除非 =if not When 1.当...的时候 While 1.在...期间 2.而3 虽然 尽管 Where 在...的地方 Wherever 无论哪里 Whatever 不管 Whether 不管，常与or not连用 yet然而 根据短文改错的命题特点， 我们可以按照以下四步进行备考快速练习。 第一步： 审题。通读全文， 了解大意。全面把握文章整体（时态、 题材及内容）。 第二步： 重读全文， 应先确定一些明显的错误， 以便疏通短文， 化繁为简， 为后面解题打开思路。许多问题可在这一阶段得到解决。从词法、 句法到行文逻辑三方面着手， 逐句而不是逐行地分析、 找错。 第三步： 综观全篇， 看错误类型的比例是否得当、 前后逻辑是否一致、 有无前后矛盾等现象。 第四步： 认真检查， 避免出现以下错误： 符号不规范； 一个词改为几个或几个改为一个； 该大写的未大写； 合成词只改了其中一部分等。 下面，我们根据词性不同， 来对改错题目进行分类解析。 动词的非谓语形式 一、动词不定式 1. 不定式可作主语。 2. 当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时， 一般要用不定式的被动式。但是在某些形容词后面， 即使是这样， 也不用被动式。 3. 某些动词后面只能跟不定式作宾语。 4. 当不定式作宾语， 且后面又有宾语补足语时， 通常用it作形式宾语来代替不定式， 而把不定式后置。 5. had better, would rather than等词的后面只跟不带to的不定式。 6. 动词不定式的一般式表示它与谓语动词同时发生， 或在其后发生； 其完成式则表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。但要注意动词plan, expect, wish, intend, mean, want, would（should） like等后面的不定式的完成式表示原打算要做而最终未做成的事情。 二、动词的-ing形式改错指导 以下动词只能跟-ing形式作宾语， 不能跟不定式。如： advise, admit, avoid, allow, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, appreciate, imagine, include, mention, miss, prevent, quit, resist, risk, stand, suggest, understand等。 三、过去分词改错指导 注意下列几组动词的-ing形式和过去分词之间的区别： surprising（令人吃惊的）， surprised（感到惊讶的）； interesting（令人感兴趣的）， interested（感兴趣的）； disappointing（令人失望的）， disappointed（感到失望的）； encouraging（令人鼓舞的）， encouraged（感到鼓舞的） 练习 1. I was used to go to the cinema once a week. 2. He has never been heard speak ill of others. 3. We hear it say frequently that what present-day men most desire is security. 4. He always enjoys to read a detective story. 5. His father would not let him to go. 6. It is difficult to make yourself understand in English. 7. You should avoid to keep company with such people. 8. Smiling graciously, my offer was accepted by him. 9. You had better not to go there. 10. The doctor advised me giving up to smoke. 注释 1. was used to → used to， used to +动词原形表示过去的习惯， be used to+名词/动名词表示习惯的持续。 2. speak → to speak， 感观动词/使役动词改为被动语态时， 要将主动态时省去的“to”还原。 3. say → said， said是过去分词作补足语， 而it是形式主语。 4. to read → reading, enjoy其后只可加动名词。 5. to go → go, let是使役动词， 其后接不带to的不定式作补足语。 6. understand → understood, make oneself understood译为“使别人了解自己的意图即自己被别人理解”。 7. to keep → keeping， avoid其后加动名词作宾语。 8. my offer was accepted by him → he accepted my offer， 分词短语smiling graciously的动作执行者是he， 而不是my offer。 9. to go → go， had better其后接动词原形。 10.giving up to smoke → giving up smoking, advise sb. to do sth.,而give up其后接动名词或名词。 从句与一致关系 一、 名词性从句 短文改错对名词性从句的考查侧重于连词的选择和从句的时态。 1. 检查语序是否正确。 2. 检查连接词是否误用。 3. 检查是否漏掉了连接词， 尤其是主语从句和同位语从句中的that。 4. 检查宾语从句与主句的时态呼应是否正确。 5. 检查主语从句与谓语的数是否一致。 6. 检查主语从句后置时， 作形式主语的it是否出现。 7. 检查有无if与whether的误用。 二、 定语从句 定语从句的改错主要涉及关系代词、 关系副词的运用以及定语从句中的主谓一致问题。 1. 判断关系代词及关系副词的使用是否正确。 2. 判断先行词与定语从句的谓语动词的数是否一致。 3. 检查关系代词的格的使用是否正确， 尤其是在关系代词作主语和介词前置时。 4. 检查有无关系副词与介词重复使用的情况。 5. 检查有无漏掉作主语的关系代词的情况。 6. 检查非限制性定语从句的关系代词使用是否正确。 7. 检查定语从句中除了关系代词或关系副词外， 是否还有多余的代词或副词。 三、 一致关系 1. 检查主谓在数上是否违背了语法一致的原则。 2. 检查主谓在数上是否违背了意义一致的原则。 3. 检查主谓在数上是否违背了邻近原则。 练 习 1. My roommate lives in a small town in central Missouri, a quiet town which I would like to live myself. 2. The United States is composed of fifty states; two of those are separated from the others by land or water. 3. What far is it from here to the station? 4. They want to know how they can do to help us. 5. —Who’s got all my money? —I do. 6. You smoke again! Why not to give it up? 7. These photos will show you how our village looks like. 8. Someone is at the door. Who is he? 9. —Those shirts are very expensive. —Do you know how they cost? 10. —Who you think is the richest man in this town? —I think Mr. Kim is. 注 释 1. which → where， to live → to live in， live是不及物动词。 2. of those → of which, those不是关系代词， 不可引导定语从句。 3. What → How, what修饰名词， 而how修饰形容词、 副词， 用于感叹句。 4. how → what， what作引导词， 同时作they can do中动词do的宾语。 5. I do → I have. 6. to give it up → give it up, why not其后接不带to的不定式。 7. how → what, 从句中looks like中的like是介词， 提问的是like后的宾语。 8. he → it. 9. how → how much/what. 10. who you think → who do you think， do you think是插入语， 去掉插入语， 应是陈述语序的疑问句。 倒装与省略 1. 检查是否有该倒装而未倒装的情况。 2. 检查是否有该省略而未省略的情况。 练 习 将下列各句改为倒装句， 并强调划线部分的语气。 1. The defeated army ran away, leaving many wounded soldiers. 2. We can know the past, but we only feel the future. 3. The news impressed me so strongly that I could not utter a word for some time. 4. Our eyes are opened only after we have made a mistake. 5. I have often heard it said that he is not trustworthy. 6. His faithful dog sat by his side. 7. We must in no case imagine that material comfort is the final goal of human happiness. 8. I never expected that the man would turn up at the meeting. 9. I found so many happy people nowhere else. 10. he said good-bye to me and he drove off. 注 释 1. Away ran the defeated army.... 2. ...but the future we only feel. 3. So strongly did the news impress me that.... 4. Only after we have made a mistake are our eyes opened. 5. Often have I heard it said.... 6. By his side sat his faithful dog.... 7. In no case must we imagine.... 8. Never did I expect that.... 9. Nowhere else did I find.... 10. He said good-bye to me, and off he drove. 规则（１）：两个动词是不能联在一起用的。 在中文，我们常说“我是爱你的”，翻成英文，这就变成了 ＊ I am love you. 滑稽的是，这句英文句子犯了大忌，因为＂am″是动词，＂love″也是动词，两个动词是不能联在一起用的。这句话 的正确说法是： I love you. 或者 I am in love with you. 我们中国人也会说＂我喜欢看电视″，翻成英文，这变成 ＊ I love watch television. 这个句子也犯了同样的错。 以下几个句子都是错的，因为这些句子中都有两个动词连在一起的情形： ＊ I hate eat fish. ＊ I love play basketball. ＊ I love swim. 如果你一定要讲“我爱游泳”，怎么办呢？请看以下的规则。 规则（２）：如一定要同时用两个动词，后者的前面必须加“to”或者将后者加入“ing”。 “我爱游泳”，因此有两种正确的译法： I love to swim. I love swimming. 以下的句子都是正确的： I hate to eat fish. I hate eating fish. I love to play basketball. I love playing basketball I keep going to church. 规则（３）：主词如果是第三人称，现在式及单数，动词必须加 s. 我们中国人最不容易记得的规则，恐怕就是这一条了，以下的句子都是错的。 ＊ He write very well. ＊ Jack love playing the violin. ＊ Mary swim every day. 正确的句子是： He writes very well. Jack loves playing the violin. Mary swims every day. 规则（４）：绝大多数的否定的句子，不能直接加“not”。 我们中文对否定语气，规则极为简单，我们可以说“我不爱你”，但是我们不能说 ＊ I not love you. 我们也不能说： ＊ I not saw that movie. ＊ I not like swimming. ＊ He not likes playing violin. 我们必须用一种助动词来完成否定的句子，以下才是正确的否定句子： I do not love you. I did not see that movie. He does not like playing violin. 请注意，在以上的句子中，do 和did 都是助动词，do 是现在式，did 是过去式。 关于现在式和过去式，究竟是怎么一回事，以后我们会解释清楚的。 助动词不限于“do”和它的变型，can、will、would、shall、may、must 等等都是助动词，因此，以下的英文句子又都是 对的： He can not swim. They will not go to church tomorrow. Mary should not go to the party. I shall not see you. He may not go out tonight. He must not eat meat any more. 规则（５）：在不定词“to”的后面，必须用原形动词 英文中的动词，是会变化的，以have 为例，第一人称和第三人就不同： I have a dog. He has a dog. 如果是过去式，动词又要变化。have 的过去式是had，不论第几人称，一概都要用had 。 几乎每一个英文动词的过去式都有变化，以下是几个例子： 现在式 过去式 go went come came eat ate play played swim swam 不论那一个动词，都有一个原形动词，一切都是从这个原形动词变出来的，像go、drink、have、walk、love、like 等 等都是原形动词。 如果我们有必要要用不定词to，就必须用原形动词，例如to go、to drink、to have，都是正确的，＊to went；＊to drank； ＊to loved 等等都是错的。 英文中有一个动词最为麻烦，那就是am、are、is、was、were 等等，翻译成中文，这都是，而这些动词的来源都是 be，所以我们说这些动词都是verb to be。 以下的句子都用上了＂be″ I want to be a teacher. He wants to be a good father. They all love to be rich. No one likes to be poor. 规则（６）：英文中有所谓的助动词。必须注意 英文中有很多动词都是助词动，在规则（４）中，我们说在绝大多数的否定语句中，必须用助动词do 或did。Do 是 原形动词，did 和does 都是do 的变形。 除了do 是助动词以外，can、may、might、will、would、must 也都是助动词。 以上所提到的助动词，都有一个共同的特色，那就是这些助动词后的动词必须是原形动词，以下的句子都是正确的： He can swim. He does not swim. I do not speak English. You must walk to work every day. I did not work yesterday. You may leave now. I will go to Taipei tomorrow. 以下的句子都是错的： ＊ I did not went. ＊ He does not goes to work. ＊ You must walked to work. 除了以上的助动词以外，还有一个非常特殊的助动词，那就是have，在这个助动词的后面，动词绝对不能用原形动词， 以下是用这个助动词的例子： I have been to England. I have slept all day. I have studied English since I was a child. been、slept 和 studied 都是过去分词（past participle ），以下的句子也都是现在完成式，我们后讨论完成式的时候， 会将这些解释清楚的。 规则（７）：英文问句要有助动词 我们先看看以下的英文句子，这些都是错的： ＊ How many books you wrote ？ ＊ How many sons you have ？ 正确的句子是： Why do you drink so much water？ How many books did you write？ How many sons do you have？ 绝大多数的英文问句子是一定要有助动词，以下全是正确的英文问句，你可以看出每一句的助动词吗？ Do you love me？ Did you go to school yesterday？ How many books do you have？ How much money does he have？ Why don’t you go back home ？ Do you like to swim？ Can you play violin？ Will you go home tomorrow ？ Would you give me a call？ 当然啦，一旦动词是verb to be，我们又不需要助动词了，以下都是正确的英文问句： Are you a teacher? Is he a student? Is Mr. Chang your father? Were your mother and father in England last year? 规则（８）：特殊动词随主词的变化 英文中，有些动词因主词不同而改变，verb to be 是其中之一，因此，我们必须记得以下的规则： 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 I am You are （He，She，It ）is 现在式 复数 We are You are They are 单数 I was You were （He，She，It ）was 过去式 复数 We were You were They were Verb to have 也有类似的变化： 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 I have You have （He，She，It ）has 现在式 复数 We have You have They have 单数 I had You had （He，She，It ）had 过去式 复数 We had You had 改错口诀 （一） 见到谓语找主语，主谓一致找状语见到名词想多数，可不可数要记牢见到平行看结构，形式功能要对称见到代词找指代，指代通常不合理小小of常抓的点，of前名词adj最高级（二） 谓与非谓经常混 谓语句中就一个 其余动词非谓语 常见形式有三种 ving ved 和to do 主宾通常ving 现在分词表主动 过去分词表被动 目的要用不定式 改错要想拿高分 语法口诀要记牢（三） 规则是说谎 lie lied lied 不规则是躺 lie lay lain 躺过就下蛋 lay laid laid 下蛋不规则 阅读理解的解题技巧 1，先看题目，再看文章这样做的优点是带着问题阅读，能记住所需要回答的内容，无须再回头寻找答案。这样既能抓准问题，又能节约时间，提高阅读速度，是做任何阅读题的常用方法。 2，客观（Objective）问题类型的解题方法客观问题是指客观信息题，这个类型大都可用who/when/where/why/what/which/how等方式提出问题，其答案就是客观事实。其所涉及的是阅读材料中的数据、事实、时间、地点、事物的部分与整体的关系等，只需用快速阅读即可解决。阅读时，还要注意抓住关键句，特别是文章的第一段和每段的第一句，我的经验是，这些语句往往一句重千斤，很多问题的答案就蕴含在这些句子之中。 3，主观（Subjective）问题类型的解题方法此类问题一般不可能从阅读材料中直接找到答案的，必须通过对阅读材料的仔细认真的阅读，对读者的意图、态度及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理和揣摩才能确定答案。如：找出文章的标题（Title）、主旨（Main Idea）、结论（Conclusion）、目的（Purpose）、暗指（Implication）,读者的推论（inference）等等。这类题的解题步骤我总结为以下几点：①在题干中找关键词（Key word），如时间、数字、专有名词，典型的形容词和副词；②看原文定位关键词；③回到原文分析；④排除法选择正确答案 背词法的理论基础 复习的原则 （这里主要讲了艾宾浩斯的遗忘曲线） 时间间隔 5分钟 20分钟 1小时 8小时 1天 2天 6天 31天 重学节省涌读时间百分数 58.2 44.2 35.8 33.7 27.8 25.4 21.1 复习点的确定 人的记忆周期分为短期记忆和长期记忆两种。 第一个记忆周期是5分钟。 第二个记忆周期是30分钟 第三个记忆周期是12个小时 这三个记忆周期属于短期记忆的范畴。 下面是几个比较重要的周期。 第四个记忆周期是1 天 第五个记忆周期是2 天 第六个记忆周期是4 天 第七个记忆周期是7 天 第八个记忆周期是15天 以上的8个周期被应用于笔者的背词法，作为一个大的背词的循环的8个复习点， 可以最大程度的提高 背单词的效率。 |
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