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省略 1.简单句中的省略 (1)省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。 (I) Thank you for your help.（括号内为省略的词语，下同） (I) see you tomorrow. (It) Doesn’t matter. (2)省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。 (There is) No smoking. (Is there) Anything wrong? Why (do you) not say hello to him? (3)省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。 ---- Are you going there? ---- I’d like to (go there). He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance). 注意：如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be或have。 ---- Are you an engineer? ---- No, but I want to be. ---- He hasn’t finished the task yet. ---- Well, he ought to have. (4)省略表语。 ---- Are you thirsty? ---- Yes, I am (thirsty). (5)同时省略几个成分。 Let’s meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday. ---- Have you finished your work? ---- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet. 2.并列句中的省略 两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。 My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse. I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school. 3.主从复合句中的省略 (1)主句中有一些成分被省略。 (I’m) Sorry to hear that you are ill. (It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance. (2)省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。 ---- Is he coming back tonight? ---- I think so. ---- Is he feeling better today? ---- I’m afraid not. 这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。（但I don’t think so比I think not更常用）。 倒装：根据谓语动词是否全部提前到主语之前，将倒装分为完全和非完全倒装两类。 1.完全倒装 谓语动词部分完全置于主语之前的句子，便是完全倒装句。这类句型主要有 两种： (1)表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语，如：here ,there ,out , in ,up，down , away，now, then, off, in front of, on the wall, in the room等，置于句首。 eg. Away went the boy . 那个男孩子走了。 Out rushed the boy .那个男孩子冲了出去。 In front of the school lies a lake .学校前面有个湖。 Now comes your turn.现在轮到你了。 In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor. 在英格兰一所大学的讲堂里坐着一位教授。 注意 :上述情况中，当主语是人称代词时则不用倒装。 Here you are . 给你。 In she walked .她走了进来。 Away they went . 他们都走了。 (2)表语位于句首时，其倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。 Gone are the days when they were poor. 他们受穷的日子一去不复返了。 Present at the meeting were the scientists from all over the world. 来自全世界的科学家出席了这次会议。 2.部分倒装 (1) 当only后接副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，引起句子部分倒装， 即把助动词或情态助动词置于所在句或主句主语前。 Only in this way can you make progress in your studies. 只有以这种方法，你才能取得学习上的进步。 Only then did I realize that I made a serious mistake indeed. 只有到那时我才意识到我真正犯了一个严重错误。 Only when his mother got well was he able to go back to school . 只有当她的母亲病好了他才能够回去上学。 注意 :only修饰主语时，句子不能倒装。 Only little Gauss can solve the difficult problem. 只有小高斯能解决这个难题。 (2) 当hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, not only…but also…等引导两个 分句时，前一个分句用部分倒装，后一个分句不变。但当neither…nor…引导两个分句时，两个分句都要部分倒装。 e.g. Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started . 我一到汽车站汽车就开了。 Neither have I been to Europe, nor has he. 我未去过欧洲，他也未去过欧洲。 (3) so , neither , nor 置于句首时，意为“也（不）”，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另外的人或物时，引起所在句部分倒装，其肯定句型是：So +be/助动词或情态动词+主语; 其否定句型是：Nor/Neither +be/助动词或情态动词+主语。 eg My sister is a doctor .So is his brother. He hasn’t finished his homework . Neither has his classmate . 注意 (a)当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意思为“的确如此”。 --- It is too hot.天太热了。 --- So it is.是啊，的确很热。 --- It is raining hard.雨下大了。---So it is.的确下大了。 (b)如果表示前面两件或两件以上的事也适合另一人或物时，则需要用So it is/was with…或It is/was the same with…结构。 She doesn’t play the piano, but she likes singing. So it is with my sister. 她不弹钢琴，但她喜欢唱歌。我姐姐也一样。 Tom. was born in New Zealand and lived in Australia. So it was with John. /It was the same with John.汤姆在新西兰出生，在澳大利居住。约翰也是。 (4) 以as ,no matter how , however 等连词引导让步状语从句，从句中的表语或修饰谓语动词的副词或谓语动词应提到句首，其余部分不变。如果从句的表语是个名词时，要把名词前的冠词去掉。 though引导的让步状语从句也可以用这种形式，但也可以用正常结构。 以上结构一般为“adj./adv./v./v.-ed/v-ing/n.+as/though/however/nomatter+主语+谓语 ”。 e.g. Young as he is ,he is quite experienced in the work . Child as he was , he had to make his living . Try as they might, they could not succeed. Much as I like it , I’ll not buy it . However hard a solid may be，we can change its shape. （二）[基础过关] 1. Not until he left his home ______ to know how important the family was for him. A did he begin B had he begun C he began D he had begun 答案：A 解析：not until放在句首要用部分倒装, 翻译为直到, 所以begin发生在left之后或同时发生。 2. Only in this way_________ to make improvement in the operating system. A. you can hope B. you did hope C. can you hope D. did you hope 答案：C 解析：在含有only+状语的句子中，谓语动词要进行倒装。这句话的意思是：只有用这种方法，才能改善操作系统。 3. Not only ________interested in football but ________ beginning to show an interest in it. A. the teacher himself is…all his students are B. the teacher himself is…are all his students C. is the teacher himself…are all his students D. is the teacher himself…all his students are 答案：D 解析：Not only… but…引导的句子前一部分要用倒装。这句话的意思是：不仅老师对足球感兴趣，学生们也开始对足球感兴趣了。 4. – Who should be responsible for the accident? – The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order _____. A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told 答案：A 解析：考查省略、被动的用法。补全句子应该是They just carried out the order as they were told。 5. It is rather difficult to make friends with her, but her friendship, _______, is truer than any other’s. A．while gaining B．after gaining C.when to gain D．once gained 答案：D 解析：由句意可以得知，her friendship与gain是被动关系，省略了it is。 6. I don’t know if you noticed their absence or not, but we . A．did B．have C．had D．were 答案：A 解析：but we did 是but we noticed their absence or not的替代式省略。 （三）[能力提高] 1. At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River______, one of the ten largest cities in China. A. lies Chongqing B. Chongqing lies C. does lie Chongqing D. does Chongqing lie 答案：A 解析：表示方位的地点状语提前，句子完全倒装，所以选A项。 2. —Is everyone here? —Not yet……Look , there_______ the rest of our guests! A. come B. comes C. is coming D. are coming 答案：A 解析：谓语动词根据后面的主语。 3. —You forgot your purse when you went out. —Good heavens, _______. A. so did I B. so I did C.I did so D.I so did 答案：B 解析： “so+正装句”的意思是“是的”，表示同意别人所说的话。所提供的情境Good heaven说明自己确实在出门时忘了带钱包，所以回答说：“so I did.”。so I did的意思是“我确实忘了带钱包。”注意区别so I did, so did I, I did so。例：①“He sang this song just now.”—“So did I.”(我也是)②The doctor told me to breathe deeply.“I did so”.(我照着医生的吩咐做了深呼吸)③“You forget to post the letter for me.”—“So I did.”(我的确忘了邮信了)。 4. So difficult ________it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well. A. I have felt B. have I felt C. I did feel D. did I feel 答案：D 解析：以“so+形容词”开头的句子要倒装。此句变为不倒装句为：I felt it so difficult to live in an English country that I determined to learn English well.这句话的意思是：在一个说英语的国家里生活那么困难，我决定学习英语。 5. _________, the weather in America is different from place to place. A．As China B．Like in China C．Like China D．As in China 答案：D 解析：根据句意可以得知，“像是在中国一样”As it is in China，省略掉了it is。 |
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