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虚拟语气
一、概念 [Subjunctive Mood] 中文译作"虚拟语气"。它是一种动词形式，表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义。 二、语法结构 1.if结构（非真实条件句——表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况） 与..事实相反 If从句 主句 过去 Had done Would* have done 现在 Were/did Would* do 将来 Should do/were/were to do Would* do 例句：If there hadn’t been much rain in spring, we would have had a good harvest now. [过去] If he smoked less, his cough might be well soon. [现在] If the lecturer should be late, you would have to make a speech first. [将来] 备注： （1）上表中’would*’可转换为should、could、might。 （2) 如果为时间错综句的话，左右两栏可互相搭配，排列组合。 例句： He would still be alive today if he hadn’t taken that drug. [与现在事实相反] [与过去事实相反] (3) if可转换为其他形式 例句：Without your advice, our meeting wouldn’t have been so successfully. [过去] （=>可转换为：If there hadn’t been your advice, we …） Your notes are almost illegible (难以辨认的). Notes typed out would be a lot easier to read. [将来] (=> 可转换为：If the notes had been typed out, it would be a lot easier to read.) I should have gone to see Dr. Smith and he might have cured me of the disease.[过去] (=> 可转换为：If he have gone to see Dr. Smith, he ..) 2、wish结构 与..事实相反 过去 Had done 现在 Were/did 将来 Would 备注：可转换为其他形式。 例句：He talks as if (好像) he had done all the work himself. [过去] I wish I were a bird. I wish he handn' done that. I wish I would be rich in the future. 3、should结构 从句中用“should + 动词原形”构成。而且should可以省去。用于此结构的动词有：advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest,intend等。 例句：The teacher suggest he (should) read English aloud. 注意：当insist表示“坚持认为”、suggest表示“表明，显示”时，不用虚拟语气。 例句：The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for him. He insisted that he was honest. 4、would rather ＋从句 在这种结构中，从句的谓语动词用过去形式表示虚拟。 例句：I would rather you did this instead of me. 5、主语从句中的虚拟语气 1）It be + 形容词 + that ．．．（should）．．． 用于该句型的形容词是：necessary, good, important, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny, strange, surprising ． 一些名词也可以用于 在该结构中。如：a pity， no wonder．．．． 2）It be + 过去分词 + that ．．．（should）．．．． 用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词。如：desired， suggested， requested， ordered， proposed等。 3）It is time（about time， high time）that ．．．（过去式动词形式或should＋动词原形）．．．． It is high time I went home now. = It is high time I should go home now. 6、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气 在suggestion， proposal， order， plan， idea， advice， decision等需要有内涵的名词后面的表语从句、同 位语从句中，要使用虚拟语气。其谓语动词应用：should＋原形动词。另外连接从句的that不能省 略。 例：My suggestion is that we should go there at once. What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English evening? 三、使用范围及判断 1、虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。 2、if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断 判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。 判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：①与过去事实相反。②与现在事实相反。③与将来事实可能相反。 3、“后退一步法” 后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后，按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即：在非真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是： 1）与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。 2）与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。 3）与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。 主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。 例：If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him. If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students. If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn’t go out. 四、注意事项 1.if条件从句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒装语序。 2、在现代英语中if条件状语从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were。 3、wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，按“后退一步法”处理从句的谓语动词。注意：与哪个事实相反，不能以主句的时态为判断依据，而是根据从句的意义判断。 |
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