一．从高考英语看时态语态的考查
动词的考查是高考英语中的重点，仅15道的单项选择题中就必考八道题左右，而动词的时态语态既是英语学习的基础，又是英语测试的难点，因为我们中国人说话时几乎不考虑时态，这也就自然成了考试中的重难点了。从这个意义上讲，中、英语言文化的差异愈大，某项知识点成为考点的可能性也就愈大。根据我们对近年高考试题尤其是2004年和2005年的高考全国题和地方题的研究，我们认为高考英语中动词的时态语态考查聚焦在以下两个方面：
从体来看，主要考查完成体和一般体，其次为进行体；语态抽查较为简单。
从时间角度来看，共考查七个点：一般现在时及被动语态，一般过去时及被动语态，现在进行时及被动语态，过去进行时，现在完成时及被动语态，过去完成时及被动语态，将来时及被动语态。
总的说来，若只从时态的角度出发，过去时比现在时考的多，现在完成时比过去完成时考的多。个中透露出一个重要的信息，即考生对基本时态和重难点时态的掌握可以反观出语言学习中的文化差异。所以，学生在语言习得过程中加强文化差异的感受性比学习语言本身有时来得更为紧要。
二. 点“道”为止
英语中时态共有四种体（form）:完成体、一般体、进行体和完成进行体。时间(time)也有四种：现在、过去、将来和过去将来。但日常使用较频的只有十来种，而用来作为考点的时态则更少。主要是一般现在时，一般过去时，现在进行时，过去进行时，将来时，现在完成时和过去完成时等。而2000年以来，特别是近两年的全国卷和地方卷中，现在完成时、过去完成时、过去时、现在时（多以考查被动语态的形式出现）和进行时则是焦点中的焦点。
1．一般现在时的特点：表惯性动作、表目前状态、表真理或(已故)重要人物的观点、表将来、表传媒或艺术作品的现时性等。
Everybody eats, drinks, and sleeps every day. (表惯性动作)
The poor old lady always tells us the same story every time she meets us. (表惯性动作)
The old folk live in the distant area. (表目前状态)
Time and tide wait for no man. (表真理)
I’ll show you the picture the moment you come. (表将来)
Cao Xueqin is the author of the great novel, “The Red Mansion”. （表艺术作品的现时性 ）
When do the trains leave? （表将来）
典型题例1：I_____ping-pong ball quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year. (NMET2001, 30)
A. will play B. have played C. played D. play (答案：D)
典型题例2：They have a good knowledge of English but little _ __ they know about German. （2005津，4）
A. have B. did C. had D. do (答案：D)
2．一般过去时的特点：表过去时段的惯性动作、代替过去将来时（在部分状语从句中）、表过去某个时段的状态或动作等。
When Mary was in England, she often went to the Museum.
(表过去时段的惯性动作)
He told me that they would not go out for swimming if it rained tomorrow. (代替过去将来时)
Father used to tell us a story after supper when my brother and I were young. (强调对比)
典型题例1：I _____you not to move my dictionary－now I can’t find it. (2004国II，30)
A. asked B. ask C. was asking D. had asked (答案：A)
典型题例2：My mind wasn’t on what he was saying so I’m afraid I _____half of it.
(2004国I，30)
A. was missing B. had missed C. will miss D. missed (答案：D)
3．现在进行时的特点: 表正在发生的动作、表将来、表情绪色彩、表现阶段发生的惯性动作等。
It’s now raining outside. (表正在发生的动作)
Liu Huan is giving a pop concert in Beijing next month. (表将来)
You are always forgetting my name! (表情绪色彩)
He is walking up and down the room. （表现阶段发生的惯性动作）
典型题例1： —Are you still busy? （2005浙，12）
—Yes, I ______ my work, and it won’t take long.
A．just finish B．am just finishing
C．have just finished D．am just going to finish (答案：B)
典型题例2： Because the shop_____, all the T-shirts are sold at half price. (2004浙，34)
A. has closed down B. closed down
C. is closing down D. had closed down (答案：C)
4．过去进行时的特点: 表过去某时刻的正在发生的动作、表过去某阶段正在发生的动作、代替过去将来时、表示对比或原因。
She was doing her homework when her mother came home after work in the evening. (表过去某时刻的正在发生的动作)
He was writing a novel last month. (表过去某阶段正在发生的动作)
Tom said that he was going for the picnic on the riverside. (代替过去将来时)
典型题例1：－What were you doing when Tony phoned you?
－I had just finished my work and _____to take a shower.（2004津，28）
A .had started B. started
C. have started D. was starting(答案：D)
典型题例2：— What’s wrong with your coat? （2005渝，25）
— Just now when I wanted to get off the bus, the man next to me _____ on it.
A. sat B. had sat
C. had been sitting D. was sitting(答案：D)
5．一般将来时的特点： 表纯粹将来(一定会做)、表计划将来（打算去做）、表意愿将来（愿意去做）等。
Senior Bush will retire from his work next year. (表纯粹将来)
The graduates are to go back to college next week. (表计划将来)
I will love you till the end of time. (表意愿将来)
典型题例1：---You’ve left the light on.
---Oh, so I have. _____and turn it off. (NMET2000, 13)
A．I'll go B．I've gone C．I go D．I'm going (答案：A)
典型题例2：－Did you tell Julia about the result? (2005国3，8)
－Oh, no, I forgot. I ______ her now.
A．will be calling B．will call
C．call D．am to call (答案：B)
6．现在完成时的特点: 表业已发生的动作或存在的状态、在某些状语从句中表将来或将来完成时、用于某些特殊的句型或结构。
a)注意标志性时间状语问题（现在完成时的时间状语可分为两种：
其一为精确性时间状语：for, in the past/last year, since等；
其二为模糊性时间状语: before, now, today, recently, lately, already等等。）
b)另外还要注意动词的时间分类问题（瞬间动词和延续动词与时间状语的搭配问题）
Mr. Smith has taught English for nearly thirty years. (表某一动作的延续至说话时止)
Don’t get off the train until it has stopped. (表将来)
This is the best beer that I have drunk. (特殊结构)
It is the second time that I have come to England. (特殊句型)
典型题例1：The coffee is wonderful! It doesn’t taste like anything I _____ before .
（2005国1，34）
A．was having B．have
C．have ever had D．had ever had (答案：C)
典型题例2: More patients_____in hospital this year than last year. (2004苏，26)
A. treated B. have treated
C. had been treated D. have been treated(答案：D)
典型题例3: Years ago we didn't know this, but recent science _____that people who don't sleep well soon get ill. (2005粤，28)
A. showed B. has shown
C. will show D. is showing (答案：B)
7．过去完成时: 对过去完成时的理解可有两种：过去完成时是现在完成时的过去时，过去完成时是过去时的过去时。
▲过去完成时的标志性时间状语问题：由by引导的时间状语，部分适合现在完成时的时间状语，某些特殊结构（ no sooner …than, hardly…when, scarcely…when等）。
He had received a heavy slap before he realized what had happened.（过去时的过去时）
The headmaster told us that he had already known the accident. (现在完成时的过去时)
典型题例1：He kept looking at her, wondering whether he _____ her somewhere.(2004鄂，22)
A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen (答案：D)
典型题例2：He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _____ that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.（2005鄂，23）
A．were deciding B．have decided
C．decided D．will decide (答案：B)
8．被动语态与时态: 在英语中被动，语态共有10种时态，但高考中考查通常只有在完成体和一般体中，进行体的被动形式较少考到，例如，今年全部试题中仅一例。
典型题例1：The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ____ to eat more fruit and vegetables. (2004沪, 30)
A. persuade B. will persuade
C. be persuaded D. are persuaded (答案：D)
典型题例2：Millions of pounds' worth of damage_____by a storm which swept across the north of England last night. （2005渝，29）
A. has been caused B. had been caused
C. will be caused D. will have been caused (答案：A)
9．被动语态与非谓语动词: 被动语态很难成为独立的考点，通常只能和时态或非谓语动词联合考查。因此，讲被动语态不能不提到非谓语动词。从时间的角度讲，-ing形式和 –ed形式可称为现在分词和过去分词，而从语态的角度讲，-ing形式和 –ed形式则可称为主动分词和被动分词。被动分词就经常成为考点。被动语态与动词不定式的关系这里从略。
典型题例1：The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see the next year.(NMET2000，22)
A．carry out B．carrying out
C．carried out D．to carry out (答案：C)
典型题例2：The Olympic Games,______in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912. (NMET1997)
A. first playing B. to be first played
C. first played D. to be first playing(答案：C)
典型题例3：_____ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. (NMET1996)
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose (答案：C)
10．主动的形式表被动的意义: 在英语中，有些特殊结构可以是主动的形式表达被动的意义。
其一，在动词need, want, require等动词之后，可接-ing形式表被动的意义。
The bicycle requires repairing. (=to be repaired)
其二，在句型 It is worth doing中，-ing形式表被动之意。例如：This film is worth seeing.
其三，在形容词easy, hard, difficult, good, nice, pleasant, interesting, fit等之后，其动词不定式主动表被动。例如：The water here is fit to drink.
其四，有些动词的主动形式表被动意义。例如：let, write, wear, run, begin, shut, read, sell, wash, record, open等动词是以不及物而表被动。
The new book of the former president of America Bill Clinton sells very well.
Your pen really writes smoothly.
典型题例1：---What do you think of the book?
---Oh, excellent. It’s worth_____a second time. (MET1989，26)
A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read (答案：C)
11．被动语态与部分动词和短语: 在英语中，有些动词永无被动语态，而这一点是中国学生最感不能接受的。例如：happen, remain, break out, take place, occur等。另外，几个知觉类的联系动词亦无被动语态，即：look, feel, sound, smell, taste等。
Tasting nice, the fruit is from Viet Name. (不能用tasted)
A fire broke out in the factory where he once worked. （不用was broken out）
12．被动的形式表主动的意义：有些动词由于能接反身代词，因此，可用被动形式表主动的意义。此类形式更多地用于非谓语动词的考查中，这里作为应掌握的形式列出。例如：devote, surprise, seat, hide, station,lost, dress等。
He was devoted to his work.
Little Franz saw many villagers seated at the back of the classroom.
结论：考生应加强基础时态的学习（一般体、完成体和进行体），语态掌握初步即可，但必须训练语态意识。从答题的角度看，考生基本上都能从题干的暗示中观察得出来，尤其是从时间状语或“疑似”时间状语中分析出来。整体而论，时态语态从来都是高考英语考查的重点！
三．逼“真”试剑
1. By the time you get back, great changes ______in your hometown.
A. will take place B. will be taken place
C. are going to take place D. will have taken place
2. ---- Where _____ the recorder? I can’t see it anywhere.
---- I _____ it right here. But now it’s gone.
A. did you put; have put B. have you put; put
C. had you put; was putting D. were you putting; have put
3. The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she _____.
A. will arrive B. arrives
C. is going to arrive D. is arriving
4. Tom _____ into the house when no one _____.
A. slipped; was looking B. had slipped; looked
C. slipped; had looked D. was slipping; looked
5. The last time I _____ Jane she _____ cotton in the fields.
A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked
C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking
6. We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _____ office soon.
A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left
7. ---- I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
---- Oh, not at all. I _____ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
8. ---- Tom _______his officemate yesterday!
---- Unbelievable! He is a nice fellow ________.
A. was caught to kill; to get along with
B. was caught killing; to get along with
C. caught killing; to be got along with
D. caught to kill; to be got along with
9. Helen _____ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband _____ home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come
C. had left; came D. had left; would come
10. ---- What do you think _____ to her?
---- She must have lost her ticket.
A. happened B. had happened
C. will happen D. happens
11. Your composition ______ well but your pen doesn’t seem ______ well.
A. is read; to be written B. reads; to write
C. is read; to be written D. reads; to write
12.”Why don’t you go home?”
“Because the work ______.”
A. hasn’t finished yet B. can’t finish yet
C. would not finish yet D. isn’t finished yet
13. She _____ quite herself today. She’d better see a doctor.
A. doesn’t feel B. wasn’t feeling
C. isn’t felt D. is feeling
14. He _____ his tie, _____ his hat far back on his head and _____ out.
A. fixed; pushed; walked B. fixed; pushing; walking
C. had fixed; pushed; walked D. has fixed; pushed; walked
15. ---- Would you mind if I _____ here?
---- Certainly not. Please go ahead.
A. will smoke B. did smoke C. smoked D. am smoking
16. ---- Was that the first time _____ you _____ England’s coast?
---- Yes, it was.
A. /; left B. when; have left
C. when; had left D. /; had left
17. ---- I beg your pardon, but I didn’t quite catch you.
---- Oh! I _____ myself.
A. am talking to B. talked about
C. have talked to D. was talking to
18.The teacher was profound eloquent and ______ with passion.
A. was always listened B. was always listened to
C. always was listened D. always listened to
19. I can’t go swimming because I _____ my leg.
A. broke B. had broken
C. have broken D. have been broken
20. Can you see the sign over there, which _____: “Keep off the grass.”
A. reads B. is read C. reading D. has read
Keys: 1-5 DBBAD 6-10 BABCA 11-15 BDAAC 16-20 DDBCA
