最近在研究"一致性HASH算法"(Consistent Hashing),用于解决memcached集群中当服务器出现增减变动时对散列值的影响。后来 在JAVAEYE上的一篇文章中,找到了其中的 KetamaHash 算法的JAVA实现(一种基于虚拟结点的HASH算法),于是为了加深理解,对照 JAVA版本,用C#重写了一个。放到这里,如果大家感兴趣的话, 可以下载测试一下,如果发现写法有问题请及时告之我,以便我及时修正。 ![]() ![]() Ketama is an implementation of a consistent hashing algorithm, meaning you can add or remove servers from the memcached pool without causing a complete remap of all keys.
Here’s how it works: * Take your list of servers (eg: 1.2.3.4:11211, 5.6.7.8:11211, 9.8.7.6:11211) * Hash each server string to several (100-200) unsigned ints * Conceptually, these numbers are placed on a circle called the continuum. (imagine a clock face that goes from 0 to 2^32) * Each number links to the server it was hashed from, so servers appear at several points on the continuum, by each of the numbers they hashed to. * To map a key->server, hash your key to a single unsigned int, and find the next biggest number on the continuum. The server linked to that number is the correct server for that key. * If you hash your key to a value near 2^32 and there are no points on the continuum greater than your hash, return the first server in the continuum. If you then add or remove a server from the list, only a small proportion of keys end up mapping to different servers.
下面是添加结点时: 如这篇文章所说(总结一致性哈希(Consistent Hashing) ): 了解了原理,下面看一下具体实现。 JAVA实现代码取自Spy Memcached client中的类,原文的作者也尽可能的对代码进行注释说明,所以让我剩了不少时间。 ![]() ![]() public class KetamaNodeLocator
{ //原文中的JAVA类TreeMap实现了Comparator方法,这里我图省事,直接用了net下的SortedList,其中Comparer接口方法) private SortedList<long, string> ketamaNodes = new SortedList<long, string>(); private HashAlgorithm hashAlg; private int numReps = 160; //此处参数与JAVA版中有区别,因为使用的静态方法,所以不再传递HashAlgorithm alg参数 public KetamaNodeLocator(List<string> nodes, int nodeCopies) { ketamaNodes = new SortedList<long, string>(); numReps = nodeCopies; //对所有节点,生成nCopies个虚拟结点 foreach (string node in nodes) { //每四个虚拟结点为一组 for (int i = 0; i < numReps / 4; i++) { //getKeyForNode方法为这组虚拟结点得到惟一名称 byte[] digest = HashAlgorithm.computeMd5(node + i); /** Md5是一个16字节长度的数组,将16字节的数组每四个字节一组,分别对应一个虚拟结点,这就是为什么上面把虚拟结点四个划分一组的原因*/ for (int h = 0; h < 4; h++) { long m = HashAlgorithm.hash(digest, h); ketamaNodes[m] = node; } } } } public string GetPrimary(string k) { byte[] digest = HashAlgorithm.computeMd5(k); string rv = GetNodeForKey(HashAlgorithm.hash(digest, 0)); return rv; } string GetNodeForKey(long hash) { string rv; long key = hash; //如果找到这个节点,直接取节点,返回 if (!ketamaNodes.ContainsKey(key)) { //得到大于当前key的那个子Map,然后从中取出第一个key,就是大于且离它最近的那个key 说明详见: http://www./topic/684087 var tailMap = from coll in ketamaNodes where coll.Key > hash select new { coll.Key }; if (tailMap == null || tailMap.Count() == 0) key = ketamaNodes.FirstOrDefault().Key; else key = tailMap.FirstOrDefault().Key; } rv = ketamaNodes[key]; return rv; } }
![]() ![]() public class HashAlgorithm
{ public static long hash(byte[] digest, int nTime) { long rv = ((long)(digest[3 + nTime * 4] & 0xFF) << 24) | ((long)(digest[2 + nTime * 4] & 0xFF) << 16) | ((long)(digest[1 + nTime * 4] & 0xFF) << 8) | ((long)digest[0 + nTime * 4] & 0xFF); return rv & 0xffffffffL; /* Truncate to 32-bits */ } /** * Get the md5 of the given key. */ public static byte[] computeMd5(string k) { MD5 md5 = new MD5CryptoServiceProvider(); byte[] keyBytes = md5.ComputeHash(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(k)); md5.Clear(); //md5.update(keyBytes); //return md5.digest(); return keyBytes; } }
上面三行分别是正常情况,节点增加,节点删除情况下的节点数目。下面两行表示在节点增加和删除情况下,同一个key分配在相同节点上的比例(命中率)。 后来我修改了几次增删结点的数量,基本验证了JAVA那位仁兄所说的那样:
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