 List the guiding principles of community counseling |
Holistic wellness model; Developmental perspective
prevention & early intervention; Considers effects of community/environment; Empowers through advocacy/education |
| Name the counseling founding fathers, their city, & their major contribution |
Frank Parsons, Boston-Put "vocational counselors" in schools; Jesse Davis, Grand Rapids, Michigan-Developed systematized guidance program in schools; Clifford Beers-Advocated for mental health reform |
| In what cities were the first counselors "certified"? |
Boston & New York |
| Who published the book Counseling & Psychotherapy in 1940s and why is it significant? |
Carl Rogers, his theory was client-focused, introduced the non-judgmental, accepting role of the counselor & placed importance on counseling relationship |
| What does CACREP stand for and when was it founded? |
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs, 1981 |
| What does APGA stand for, when was it founded and what other evolutions did it go through? |
American Personnel and Guidance--Association, later known as American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD) & finally, American Counseling Association (ACA) |
| What state was first to require licensure for counselors? When? What were the next two states to mandate licensing requirments? |
Virginia, 1976, Arkansas and Alabama |
| Describe the development of counseling theories giving the key names and principles associated with each treatment perspective. |
Psychoanalysis and insight theories (Freud); Trait-factor or directive theories (Williamson); Humanistic & client-centered (Rogers); Behavioral theories (Skinner); Cognitive theories (Ellis) |
| When was the first sound code of ethics published by the APGA? |
1961 |
| What does NBCC stand for and when was it founded? What is this organization responsible for creating? |
National Board for Certified Counselors, 1982--National certification of counslors through the national counseling exam (NCE) & defined 8 major subject areas of study |
| Name the 8 major subject areas of study in counseling as defined by NBCC |
Human growth and development; Social and cultural foundations; Helping relationships; Groups; Lifestyles and career development; Appraisal; Research and evaluation; Professional orientation |
| Describe the main therapeutic professions & provide distinguishing characteristics of each |
Psychiatrists-MD & specialty, national & state exams for licensure, American Psychiatric Association (APA), major psycho disorders, prescribe meds; Psychologists--PHD, EdD, PsyD to practice, licensed in 50 states, American Psychological Association (APA)
focus psychological assessment; Social Workers-BS, MS and Ph.D, licensure in 50 states, National Association of Social Workers (NASW), help negotiating social systems, advocating for change; Professional counselors--MS or Ph.D, licensed in 49 states & DC (except CA), American Counseling Association (ACA), focus on preventative, developmental, holistic wellness approach that includes environment of client, non-medical approach |
| Describe the assumptions of community counseling |
Environments nuture and limit; Facilitate individual & community empowerment; Multifaceted approach; Multicultural nature is essential; Prevention more effective than remediation |
| What is the bioecological model? List 5 main systems. |
Approach believes people grow & change through multiple interacting systems:
Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem |
| Describe the microsystem of (bioecological model) & give an example |
Includes immediate sphere of influence--family, school, peer, workplace |
| Describe the mesosystem (bioecological model) & give an example |
Interaction of two or more microsystems, home & school (divorce at home, affecting child at school, peer rejection) |
| Describe the exosystem (bioecological model) & give an example |
Context exerting indirect influence--stress in workplace causes mother's anger which indirectly affects child who acts out at school |
| Describe the macrosystem (bioecological model) & give an example |
Overarching belief system of culture, indirect influence through cultural conventions and tools |
| Describe the chronosystems (bioecological model) & give an example |
Evolution of other 4 systems over time, life transitions |
| List services provided by mental health counselors |
Assessment & diagnosis; Psychotherapy; Treatment planning & utilization review; Brief & solution-focused therapy; Alcoholism & substance abuse treatment; Psychoeducational & prevention programs; Crisis management |
| What year was community counseling first recognized as a separate speciality area? |
1994 |
| What does CCE stand for? |
Center for Credentialing and Education |
| What is the only state that does not require licensure for professional counselors? |
CA |
| Define licensure |
Laws defining scope of practice, training, experience, examination, titles, illegal to practice without |
| Define certification |
Title protection to persons meeting standards |
| Professional affiliation serves what purposes? |
Advocacy for the profession; Code of ethics; Continuing education, journals |
| Define professional identity |
The philosophy, training model & scope of practice that characterize a profession |
| Define ethics |
Normative principles & standards governing relationships between individuals |
| Define morality |
Judgment or evaluation of action based on cultural/societal context |
| List Kitchener's 5 moral principles & define each briefly |
Autonomy--freedom of choice; Nonmaleficence--do no harm; Beneficence--contribute to client welfare; Justice--treat all fairly; Fidelity--be loyal to clients, honor & fulfill obligations |
| How do mandatory and aspirational ethics differ? |
Mandatory is compliance with basic, minimal standards; Aspirational is highest level of conduct |
| What is law as it relates to ethical practices? |
Codification of minimal standards & created by legislation, courts & tradition |
| What organizational codes of ethics govern counselors? |
ACA (2005), AMHCA (2000) & NBCC (2005) |
| Ethical codes serve what purposes? |
Enhance client welfare; Educate about ethical conduct; Accountability; Improved practice |
| List steps to ethical decision-making |
Identify problem; Apply ACA Code of Ethics;
Determine nature/dimensions of dilemma; Generate potential courses of action; Consider consequences of all options & select course of action; Evaluate selected course; Implement selected course |
| What legal mechanisms affect counselors? |
Credentialing (licensure, certification, registration); Criminal law (crimes against society); Civil law (intentional & unintentional, malpractice)
Administrative law (HIPPA, FERPA) |
| Give some reasons a counselor could be sued for malpractice |
Breaching confidentiality, promising a cure, inappropriate behavior, failing to take action when someone in danger, not providing informed consent...(many others) |
| List some common ethical concerns |
Privacy, Confidentiality, Privileged communication, Limits of confidentiality |
| What is informed consent? How should it be delivered? |
Client's right to know & involves disclosure, free consent & capacity of client to understand rights--should be provided in written & oral form |
