倒装句

倒装(Inversion)是一种语法手段,用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语的最基本结构是主、谓结构,倒装就是将这种比较固定的结构加以颠倒。

倒装有两种:
将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(Complete Inversion)。
只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装(Partial Inversion)

考点一：表示地点状语、运动方向和时间的副词或者介词放在句首时，句子要全部倒装。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时这些词有：
here, there, up, down, out, away, now, then, thus
There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.
In each room are ten students.
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes.
Away they went.
There goes the bell.
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat an old woman.
考点二：当含有否定意义的词或短语放在句首时，要用部分倒装。将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。这类词包括：
not, never, neither, seldom, little, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, rarely, no longer, not until, at no time, by no means, on no account, in no case, under no circumstances, on no account, not only … but also…,no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when　等等。
On no account will the manager tolerate rudeness from his employees.
Nowhere in the world can you find a man who loves you so much.
Not until he came back did I leave. ()
（注意：注意：只能是主句的主谓倒装且只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。Not only you but also I am fond of music.）
注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
在以often,always,once,many a time,now and then,then等做状语（表频率）的词位于句首是。
考点三： as +adj. / adv. 以及“to such a degree, to such an extent, to such a point.”放在句首， 表示程度，句子要倒装。
To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire.
So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep.
考点四：虚拟语气中，省去if 后， 从句需要倒装。
Had he not been promoted, he never have remained with the company.
（＝ If he had not been promoted, …）
Should you change your mind, no one would blame you.
Were he to leave today, he would get there by Monday.
Had I known what was going to happen, I would never have done such a thing.
本来为If I had known what…
考点五：“only + 状语”放在句首时，句子需要倒装。
Only by working hard can you achieve your goal.
Only in this way can we solve this problem successfully and effectively.
考点六： 由as 或though 引导的让步状语从句有时也用倒装句，即把表语或部分谓语提前。（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。
Patient though / as he was, he was unwilling to wait three hours.
他虽有耐心，但也不愿意等三个小时。
Child as / though he was, he had a good command of English.
他虽然是个孩子，但已经熟知英语。
Try as he might, he couldn’t the box. 不管他想什么办法，都没法打开那个箱子。
注意：
　　　 1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
　　　 2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,　随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
　　 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意:
　　让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
考点七：由be 引起的倒装句表示让步，并带有虚拟语气的结构特点，即 be 用原形。
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
( be it selling…= whether in may be selling …)
每天的生意，无论是售货还是运货，都进行得很顺利。
Be it so humble, there is no place like home.
( be it so humble = However humble it may be,…)
金窝银窝，不如自己的草窝。

倒装句的种类
倒装分两种：语法倒装和强调语势倒装。
语法倒装
语法上的倒装句是强制性的，包括下列 7 种：
1. 疑问句和特殊疑问句要倒装
Are you cold?
Does he go to school by bike?
Can you do it?
How old are you?
When did you know him?
[注意]若疑问词在句中作主语或主语的定语时，不倒装。
Who is your English teacher?
Whose father is a worker?
What happened last night?
2. 直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时，引述动词和它的主语有时装。
“May I come in and take a rest?” asked the pool girl.
“Get out of the room!” shouted the angry woman.
3. 表示“愿望”的句子\祈使句中出现的倒装如：
May God bless you.
May you succeed! 祝你成功！
Long live the king!
Long live the People's Republic of China!
Long may he live! 愿他长命百岁！
Don't you open the door. Don't anyone open the door.
祈使句一般无主语，有时也有主语出现。祈使句的主语要重读，代词也要重读（陈述句的主语一般不重读）。祈使句常用句号。表示一种强烈感情时，句子用感叹号。
4. There+助动词/情态动词+be+主语+地点/时间的句型”引导的句子，如：
There are many cars on the road.
There is a security guard outside the bank.
There was not an underground in Beijing before.
There are not many people who want to read this book..
There will be a basketball match this afternoon.
[注意]这种倒装句在There seems/happened/used/lived/came to be等句型中也同样适用。
There came the engineer.工程师来了。
There happened to be a friend of mine in the park.碰巧在公园里有我的一个朋友。
There once lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.在海边的一个村庄里曾经住着一个老渔民。
5. 感叹句，如：
1)．What 引导的感叹句
（1） What a happy life we have had！(宾语在主语前面)
（2） What a fine day it is!（表语在主语前面）
（3） What a shining example Comrade Lei Feng has set us!
2)．How 引导的感叹句
（1）How happy we are!（表语在前面）
（2）How hard they are working!（状语在前面）
（3）How nice a day it is!
3)．副词引导词引导的感叹句
（1）There comes the bus!
（2）In come the students!
（3）Off goes the worker!
What 或 how 引导的句子，主谓也有不倒装的。

What 所强调的重点是名词，这一名词一般是表语或宾语，有时所强调的名词可能是主语。例如：What enormous crowd came! （《当代英语语法》中册 P87）。What 也可单独使用。例句：What she suffered in the old days!（《英语分类句型》 P90）

How 修饰形容词、副词或动词。有时 how many 的搭配也可修饰名词。For how many years have I waited! 该短语作状语。（《当代英语语法》）

副词引导词位于句首，一方面为了强调，另一方面使情景生动。主语是名词时，主谓倒装；如果主语是人称代词，主谓不倒装。例如：Away he went to the station!
6. 连接词“so, neither, nor”的句子，so/neither/nor+be/助动词/情态动词+主语如：
Mary can ride a bicycle; so can I.
He can't sing; neither can she.
Tom has never been late; nor have I.
7. 虚拟语气条件从句中的if如果省略时，要把句中的were, had, should移至主语之前。
Were I you, I would not do such a thing.
Should the machine break down again, send it back to us.
Had you worked harder, you would have passed.
8. “as, however”连接的让步副词分句，如：
Small as the pen is, it is a powerful weapon.
However busy you are, you should spend some time on it.
强调倒装句
1. 在以never, hardly, not only, nor, little, seldom, nowhere, not until, hardly…when, no sooner…than, by no means等表示否定或半否定意义的副词或词组开头的句子中，该句主谓要倒装。其句型是：否定或半否定的副词或词组+be/助动词/情态动词+主语
Never have I seen such a wicked man.
On no account must this employee be fired.
Not until he told me had I heard anything of it.
No sooner had I left than the rain came.
Up jumped the puppy.
In came John.
Down fell the rotten branches from the tree.
Out came a woman and her maid.
2. 以here, there, now, in ,out, up, down, away, then等副词开头的句子中，句子要倒装，以示强调。习惯上，除以then开头的句子用过去时外，其余一般使用现在时。
There goes the bell.铃声响了。
There comes the bus! 汽车来了。
Out rushed the children.孩子们冲出来了。
Now comes your turn.现在轮到你了。
Then came a new difficulty.接着有个新难题。
[注意] 在这种句型中，如果主语是代词时就不倒装。
Here you are.
There he comes.
3. (1)Many happy hours she had spent planning for something nice for him.
(2)Twenty-one dollars they took for it.
(3)Not a single mistake did he make.
(4)Only a dictionary he never forgets to bring here.
宾语在前时，多数属于强调部分，句子一般不加助动词，偶尔也有助动词出现，如例句(3)。

倒装句的应用：

英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。下面本文就拟从其修辞功能谈谈倒装句的用法。

　　一、表示强调:

　　倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下:

　　1. only在句首修饰一个状语或状语从句时，该句的住谓要倒装。句型为only+状语/状语从句+ be/   助动词/情态动词+主语
　　例1:Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。

　　例2:Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。

　　2. not,little,hardly,scarcely,no more,no longer,in no way,never,seldom,not only,no sooner等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。

　　例1: No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 我刚到家就下起了雨。

　　例2: Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。

　　3. so / such...that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。

　　例1:So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。

　　例2:To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排进行得那么长,以致于那两个演员都走出去了。

　　以上各例都用倒装语序突出了句首成分,其语气较自然语序强烈,因而具有极佳的修辞效果。

　　二、承上启下

　　有时倒装可把前一句说到的人或物,或与前一句有联系的人或物在下一句紧接着先说出来,从而使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚,衔接更加紧密,起到承上启下的作用。

　　例1: They broke into her uncle's bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他们破门进入她叔叔的卧室,发现他躺在地板上死了。一条棕褐色的蛇缠在他头上。

　　例2: We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不
平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。

　　三、制造悬念,渲染气氛

　　在新闻或文学创作中,有时为了内容的需要,或是为了强调,作者常常运用倒装来制造悬念,渲染气氛。如:

　　Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting. 墙上挂着一幅精美的图画。

　　再如朗费罗(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一节:

　　Out of the bosom of the Air,

　　Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,

　　Over the woodlands brown and bare,

　　Over the harvest-fields forsaken,

　　Silent, and soft, and slow,

　　Descends the snow.

　　在这一节诗里 ,诗人就富有创意地运用了倒装。在前五行中 ,诗人堆砌了七个状语,状语连续出现而主语和谓语却迟迟未露 ,造成一种悬念效应。全节读罢 ,读者才对诗歌的主题恍然大悟 ,因而收到了不同凡响的艺术效果。

　　四、平衡结构

　　英语修辞的一个重要原则是尾重原则,即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子,我们常采用倒装语序。

　　1. 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时,为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。

　　例1:A. To the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.

　　B. A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.

　　一个连队的解放军战士来到了那座煤矿,奉司令部之命解救受困的矿工。

　　例2:A. On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities.

　　B. Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities.

　　地上放着一些空调,等着用船运到其他城市去。

　　从例句中可看出, 采用倒装语序的A句结构平衡稳妥 ,读起来自然流畅,而采用自然语序的B句结构零乱, 读起来也别扭。因而,在主语较长时就应采用倒装语序以取得理想的表达效果。

　　2. 以表语开头的句子:有时为了把较长的主语放在后面,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。如:

　　Such would be our home in the future. 我们将来的家就是这个样子。

　　3. 以副词here , there开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。如:

　　Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在这儿。

　　五、使描写生动

　　有时为了使叙述或描绘更加生动形象,增加语言效果,可将表示方向的副词(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或拟声词(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒装的语序(主语为人称代词的句子除外)。如:

　　Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一声火箭就飞上天了。

　　Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 当警察把手枪瞄准那个罪犯时,嘭地一下他就从三楼跳了下去。

　　Boom went the cannon! 轰隆一声大炮开火了!

　　Bang came another shot!砰!又是一声枪响!

　　以上句子简洁明快 ,生动逼真地描述了有关动作 ,令我们一览此类倒装的风采。但这种倒装句的修辞功能在语段中可以体现得更为清楚。

　　“Stop thief! Stop thief!” There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, ... Away they run, pell—mell, helter—skelter, yelling—screaming, ...

　　“Stop thief ! Stop thief !” The cry is taking by a hundred voices, ... Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens )

　　作者在第一段和第二段中分别用副词away, up和out位于句首引出四个倒装句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。从而制造出一种紧张、急促的气氛 ,生动地刻画了一个紧张、混乱的捉贼场面。