根据国务院决定，2010年至2012年开展第一次全国水利普查，普查的标准时点为2011年12月31日，普查时期为2011年度。
按照第一次全国水利普查领导小组办公室和省政府的部署，我省开展了第一次水利普查。普查主要内容包括河流湖泊基本情况、水利工程基本情况、经济社会用水情况、河流湖泊治理保护情况、水土保持情况、水利行业能力建设情况、滩涂及围垦情况。
经过各地和有关部门及全体普查人员近三年的共同努力，浙江省第一次水利普查工作基本完成。经省政府批准，现将水利普查主要成果公布如下：
一、河湖基本情况
河流。共有流域面积50平方公里以上河流865条，省域内总长度为22488公里（详见表1）。其中：流域面积10000平方公里以上的河流分别为钱塘江、瓯江和钱塘江的支流新安江。
表1 河流基本情况汇总表
流域面积 | 数量（条） | 省域内总长度（公里） |
50~100平方公里 | 375 | 6105 |
100~1000平方公里 | 464 | 12450 |
1000~10000平方公里 | 23 | 2958 |
10000平方公里以上 | 3 | 975 |
合计 | 865 | 22488 |
湖泊。常年水面面积1平方公里以上湖泊57个，省域内水面总面积99.67平方公里，均为淡水湖。其中：10平方公里以上湖泊1个，为太湖。
二、水利工程基本情况
水库。共有水库4334座，总库容445.26亿立方米（详见表2）。其中：已建水库4303座，总库容442.03亿立方米；在建水库31座，总库容3.23亿立方米。
表2 水库工程汇总表
水库规模 | 大型 | 中型 | 小型 | 合计 |
大（1） | 大（2） | 小计 | 小（1） | 小（2） | 小计 |
数量（座） | 5 | 28 | 33 | 158 | 729 | 3414 | 4143 | 4334 |
总库容（亿立方米） | 311.00 | 59.15 | 370.15 | 46.40 | 19.05 | 9.66 | 28.71 | 445.26 |
水电站。共有规模以上（装机容量500千瓦以上）水电站1419座，装机容量953.36万千瓦（详见表3）。其中：已建水电站1388座，装机容量934.23万千瓦；在建水电站31座，装机容量19.13万千瓦。
表3 水电站工程汇总表
水电站规模 | 大型 | 中型 | 小型 | 合计 |
大（1） | 大（2） | 小计 | 小（1） | 小（2） | 小计 |
数量（座） | 2 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 77 | 1329 | 1406 | 1419 |
装机容量（万千瓦） | 300.00 | 243.50 | 543.50 | 61.38 | 150.96 | 197.52 | 348.48 | 953.36 |
此外，有规模以下水电站1792座，装机容量40.43万千瓦。
水闸。共有规模以上（过闸流量5立方米每秒以上）水闸8581座（详见表4）。其中：已建水闸8386座，在建水闸195座；分（泄）洪闸263座，引（进）水闸212座，节制闸4979座，排（退）水闸1414座，挡潮闸1713座。共有橡胶坝169座。
表4 水闸工程汇总表
水闸规模 | 大型 | 中型 | 小型 | 合计 |
数量（座） | 18 | 338 | 8225 | 8581 |
比例（%） | 0.21 | 3.94 | 95.85 | 100 |
此外，有规模以下（过闸流量1~5立方米每秒）水闸4187座。
堤防。共有5级以上各类堤防（包括海塘、江河堤防、湖堤、圩堤等）长度为17441公里（详见表5）。其中：海塘长度为2723公里，已建2556公里，在建167公里；其他堤防长度为14718公里，已建13767公里，在建951公里。
表5 堤防工程汇总表
堤防级别 | 1级 | 2级 | 3级 | 4级 | 5级 | 合计 |
长度（公里） | 277 | 750 | 2245 | 10310 | 3859 | 17441 |
比例（%） | 1.59 | 4.30 | 12.87 | 59.11 | 22.13 | 100 |
此外，有5级以下各类堤防19070公里。
泵站。共有规模以上（装机流量1立方米每秒以上或装机功率50千瓦以上）泵站2854座（详见表6）。其中：已建泵站2791座，在建泵站63座。
表6 泵站工程汇总表
泵站规模 | 大型 | 中型 | 小型 | 合计 |
数量（座） | 10 | 128 | 2716 | 2854 |
比例（%） | 0.35 | 4.49 | 95.16 | 100 |
此外，有规模以下泵站45227座。
农村供水。共有集中式农村供水工程31333处，受益人口2976.68万人（详见表7）。
表7 农村供水工程汇总表
工程规模 | 数量（处） | 受益人口（万人） |
设计供水规模200立方米每天以上 或设计供水人口2000人以上 | 1659 | 2177.78 |
设计供水规模20~200立方米每天 或设计供水人口200~2000人 | 14399 | 713.40 |
设计供水规模20立方米每天以下 且设计供水人口200人以下 | 15275 | 85.50 |
合计 | 31333 | 2976.68 |
此外，有分散式农村供水工程18.60万处，受益人口157.73万人。
塘坝窖池。共有塘坝88201处，总容积75599.12万立方米。其中：总容积1万~10万立方米山塘20276处，总容积55637.33万立方米。共有窖池9559处，总容积137.10万立方米。
灌溉面积。共有灌溉面积2228.53万亩。其中：耕地灌溉面积2018.76万亩，园林草地等非耕地灌溉面积209.77万亩。
灌区建设。共有灌溉面积50亩以上灌区34919处，有效灌溉面积1938.70万亩（详见表8）。
表8 灌区汇总表
灌区规模 | 数量（处） | 有效灌溉面积（万亩） |
设计灌溉面积30万亩以上 | 12 | 416.24 |
设计灌溉面积1万~30万亩 | 194 | 544.92 |
灌溉面积50~1万亩 | 34713 | 977.54 |
合计 | 34919 | 1938.70 |
地下水取水井。共有规模以上（灌溉用井管内径200毫米以上或供水用日取水量20立方米以上）机电井3025眼，年取水量共1.35亿立方米（详见表9）。
表9 机电井汇总表
取水用途 | 数量（眼） | 年取水量（亿立方米） |
灌溉 | 669 | 0.25 |
供水 | 2356 | 1.10 |
合计 | 3025 | 1.35 |
此外，有规模以下机电井和人力井236.13万眼，年取水量共3.26亿立方米。
地下水水源地。共有日取水量0.5万～1万立方米的小型地下水水源地3处。
三、经济社会用水情况
经济社会年度用水量为201.85亿立方米（详见表10）。
表10 经济社会年度用水量汇总表
类别 | 居民 生活 | 农业 | 工业 | 建筑业 | 第三 产业 | 河道外生态环境 | 合计 |
用水量（亿立方米） | 26.19 | 94.36 | 58.51 | 1.79 | 14.45 | 6.55 | 201.85 |
比例（%） | 12.97 | 46.75 | 28.99 | 0.89 | 7.16 | 3.24 | 100 |
四、河湖开发治理情况
河湖取水口。共有规模以上（农业取水流量0.20立方米每秒以上，其他用途年取水量15万立方米以上）河湖取水口10000个，规模以下河湖取水口48841个。
地表水水源地。共有供水人口1万人以上或日供水量1000立方米以上的地表水水源地531处。其中：河流型水源地164处，湖泊型水源地1处，水库型水源地366处。
治理保护河流。流域面积100平方公里以上河流中，按现有规划，有防洪任务的河段长度为10603公里。其中：已治理河段长度为4980公里，占有防洪任务河段长度的46.97%；在已治理河段中，治理达标河段长度为3282公里。
五、水土保持情况
土壤侵蚀。土壤侵蚀总面积9907平方公里，均为水力侵蚀（详见表11）。
表11 土壤侵蚀面积汇总表
侵蚀强度 | 轻度 | 中度 | 强烈 | 极强烈 | 剧烈 | 合计 |
面积（平方公里） | 6929 | 2060 | 582 | 177 | 159 | 9907 |
比例（%） | 69.94 | 20.79 | 5.88 | 1.78 | 1.61 | 100 |
水土保持措施面积。水土保持措施面积36013平方公里。其中：工程措施4122平方公里，植物措施30918平方公里，其他措施973平方公里。
六、水利行业能力建设情况
共有水利行政机关及其管理的企（事）业单位1437个，从业人员31070人。其中：大专以上学历人员18173人，大专以下学历人员12897人。
共有乡镇水利管理单位（含具有水利管理职能的乡镇农业综合服务中心等机构）1065个。
七、滩涂及围垦情况
理论深度基准面以上的滩涂资源面积343万亩。新中国成立以来，全省共有围垦面积千亩以上的围垦工程499片，围垦面积373.57万亩。其中：已建围垦工程456片，面积300.76万亩；在建围垦工程43片，面积72.81万亩。
The office of the State Council Leading Group of the First National Census for Water together with Zhejiang Provincial Government made an overall arrangement for the First Census for Water in Zhejiang Province. The main contents of the census include basic conditions of rivers and lakes, basic conditions of water conservancy projects, water use of economies and society, management and protection of rivers and lakes, soil and water conservation, capacity building of water sectors and basic conditions of mudflat and reclamation.
Through nearly three years of joint efforts made by all regions and related departments and census staff, the First Census for Water in Zhejiang Province is basically completed. With the approval of Zhejiang Provincial Government, the results of water census in Zhejiang Province are published as follows.
1. Basic Conditions of Rivers and Lakes
Rivers. There are a total of 865 rivers with individual catchment area≥50 km2 and the total length reaches 22,488 km in Zhejiang Province(Refer to Table 1 for further details ) . Among them, rivers with individual catchment area≥10,000 km2 are Qiantang River, Oujiang River, and Xinanjiang River, a tributary of Qiantang River.
Table 1 Summary statistics of rivers
Catchment area（km2） | Number | Length(km) |
50≤catchment area＜100 | 375 | 6,105 |
100≤catchment area＜1000 | 464 | 12,450 |
1000≤catchment area＜10000 | 23 | 2,958 |
catchment area≥10000 | 3 | 975 |
Total | 865 | 22,488 |
Lakes. There are a total of 57 lakes with individual perennial water surface area≥1km2 and the total water surface area reaches 99.76 km2 in Zhejiang Province .They are all freshwater lakes and Taihu lake is the only one with individual perennial water surface area≥10 km2 .
2. Basic Conditions of Water Structures
Reservoirs. There are a total of 4,334 reservoirs with a total storage capacity of 44.526 billion m3 in Zhejiang Province (Refer to Table 2 for further details) . Among them, 4,303 are completed and 31 are under construction, with a total storage capacity of 44.203 billion m3 and 323 million m3 respectively.
Table 2 Summary statistics of reservoir projects
Scale of reservoir | Large-size | Medium-size | Small-size | Total |
Large Type-Ⅰ | Large Type-Ⅱ | Sub-total | Small Type-Ⅰ | Small Type-Ⅱ | Sub-total |
Number | 5 | 28 | 33 | 158 | 729 | 3414 | 4,143 | 4334 |
Total storage
（100 million m3） | 311.00 | 59.15 | 370.15 | 46.40 | 19.05 | 9.66 | 28.71 | 445.26 |
Hydropower station. There are a total of 1,419 hydropower stations above size (with individual installed capacity≥500 kW) and the total installed capacity reaches 9.5336 million kW in Zhejiang Province (Refer to Table 3 for further details). Among them, 1,388 are completed and 31 are under construction ,with a total installed capacity of 9.3423 million kW and 191,300 kW respectively.
Table 3 Summary statistics of hydropower station projects
Scale of hydropower stations | Large-size | Medium-size | Small-size | Total |
Large Type-Ⅰ | Large Type-Ⅱ | Sub-total | Small Type-Ⅰ | Small Type-Ⅱ | Sub-total |
Number | 2 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 77 | 1,329 | 1,406 | 1,419 |
Installed capacity（10,000kW） | 300.00 | 243.50 | 543.50 | 61.38 | 150.96 | 197.52 | 348.48 | 953.36 |
In addition, there are 1,792 hydropower stations below size and the total installed capacity reaches 404,300 kW in Zhejiang Province.
Sluices. There are a total of 8,581 sluices above size (with individual flow capacity≥5 m3/s) in Zhejiang Province (Refer to Table 4 for further details). Among them ,8,386 are completed and 195 are under construction including 263 flood diversion/discharge sluices, 212 intake/control sluices, 4,979 regulating sluices, 1,414 water drainage sluices and 1,713 tidal sluices. Besides them ,there are also 169 rubber dams in Zhejiang Province.
Table 4 Summary statistics of sluice projects
Scale of sluices | Large-size | Medium-size | Small-size | Total |
Number | 18 | 338 | 8,225 | 8,581 |
Percentage(%) | 0.21 | 3.94 | 95.85 | 100 |
In addition, there are 4,187 sluices below size (with 1m3/s≤flow capacity＜5 m3/s) in Zhejiang Province.
Embankments. The total length of embankments≥Grade-5 (including: seawalls, river levees , lake embankments and low-lying land embankments) reaches 17,441 km in Zhejiang Province (Refer to Table 5 for further details ).Among them, the length of seawalls reaches 2,723 km including 2,556 km completed and 167 km under construction. The length of the other embankments reaches 14,718 km including 13,767 km completed and 951 km under construction.
Table 5 Summary statistics of embankment projects
Grade of embankment | Grade-1 | Grade-2 | Grade-3 | Grade-4 | Grade-5 | Total |
Total length(km) | 227 | 750 | 2,245 | 10,310 | 3,859 | 17,441 |
Percentage (%) | 1.59 | 4.30 | 12.87 | 59.11 | 22.13 | 100 |
In addition, the total length of embankments＜Grade-5 reaches 19,070km.
Pumping stations. There are a total of 2,854 pumping stations above size (with individual installed flow≥1 m3/s or installed power≥50kW ) in Zhejiang Province (Refer to Table 6 for further details ). Among them, 2,791 are completed and 63 are under construction.
Table 6 Summary statistics of pumping station projects
Scale of pumping stations | Large-size | Medium-size | Small-size | Total |
Number | 10 | 128 | 2,716 | 2,854 |
Percentage (%) | 0.35 | 4.49 | 95.16 | 100 |
In addition, there are 45,227 pumping stations below size in Zhejiang Province .
Water supply in rural areas. There are a total of 31,333 centralized water supply projects in rural areas, benefiting 29.7668 million rural residents in Zhejiang Province(Refer to Table 7 for further details ).
Table 7 Summary statistics of rural water supply projects
Scale of water supply projects | Number | Benefited population(million) |
Designed water supply volume≥200 m3/d Or designed benefited population≥2,000 | 1,659 | 2,177.78 |
200 m3/d＞Designed water supply volume≥20 m3/d Or 2,000＞designed benefited population≥200 | 14,399 | 713.40 |
Designed water supply volume＜20 m3/d And designed benefited population＜200 | 15,275 | 85.50 |
Total | 31,333 | 2,976.68 |
In addition, there are a total of 186,000 distributed water supply projects in rural areas , benefiting 1.5773 million rural residents in Zhejiang Province.
Small reservoirs and ponds . There are a total of 88,201 small reservoirs and ponds with a combined storage capacity of 755,991,200 m3 in Zhejiang Province. Among them, there are 20,276 hilly ponds (with 10,000 m3≤individual storage capacity＜100,000 m3 )and the combined storage capacity reaches 556,373,300 m3 . There are also 9,559 cellars or ponds with a combined storage capacity of 1,371,000 m3.
Irrigated area. The total acreage of irrigated area reaches 22,285,300 mu in Zhejiang Province. Among them, there are 20,187,600 mu cultivated land and 2,097,700 mu non-cultivated land, such as gardens and grasslands.
Construction for irrigation districts. There are a total of 34,919 irrigation districts with individual irrigation area≥50 mu and the combined effective irrigation area reaches19,387,000 mu in Zhejiang Province (Refer to Table 8 for further details ).
Table 8 Summary statistics of irrigation districts
Scale of irrigation districts | Number | Effective area（million mu） |
Design irrigation area≥300,000mu | 12 | 4.1624 |
10,000mu≤design irrigation area＜300,000mu | 194 | 5.4492 |
50mu≤irrigation area＜10,000mu | 34,713 | 9.7754 |
Total | 34,919 | 19.387 |
Groundwater intake wells. There are a total of 3,025 groundwater tube wells above size (with inner diameter≥200mm or daily water intake≥20 m3 ) and the total annual quantity of water withdrawn reaches 135 million m3 in Zhejiang Province (Refer to Table 9 for further details ).
Table 9 Summary statistics of groundwater tube wells
Water use | Number | Annual quantity of water intake(1,000 million m3) |
irrigation（inner diameter of well tube≥200mm） | 669 | 0.25 |
Water supply（daily water intake≥20 m3） | 2,356 | 1.10 |
Total | 3,025 | 1.35 |
In addition , there are also 2.3613 million tube wells and manual wells below size and the total annual quantity of water withdrawn reaches 326 million m3 in Zhejiang Province.
Groundwater sources. There are 3 small size groundwater sources (with 5,000≤m3/d water withdrawn＜10,000 m3/d ) in Zhejiang Province.
3. Water Use of Economy and Society
The total quantity of annual water use of economy and society amounts to 20.185 billion m3 in Zhejiang Province ( Refer to Table 10 for further details ).
Table 10 Summary statistics of the annual water use of economy and society
Water user | Domestic water use | Agricultural water use | Industrial water use | Building industry water use | Tertiary industry water use | Ecological and environmental water use | Total |
Water quantity（1,000 million m3） | 26.19 | 94.36 | 58.51 | 1.79 | 14.45 | 6.55 | 201.85 |
percentage（%） | 12.97 | 46.75 | 28.99 | 0.89 | 7.16 | 3.24 | 100 |
4. Development and Harnessing of Rivers and Lakes
Water intakes of rivers and lakes. There are a total of 10,000 river or lake water intakes above size (with water abstraction for irrigation≥0.20 m3/s or water abstraction for other uses≥150,000m3/y) in Zhejiang Province. There are also a total of 48,841 river or lake water intakes below size.
Surface water source. There are a total of 531 surface water sources that could provide water for more than 10,000 people or daily supply water over 1000 m3 in Zhejiang Province. Among them ,there are 164 river type surface water sources,1 lake type surface water sources and 366 reservoir type surface water sources.
River harnessing and protection. In the light of current planning, the total length of river courses with individual catchment area≥100 km2 requiring flood control stands at 10,603 km in Zhejiang Province . Among them, the length of harnessed river courses amounts to 4,980km, making up 46.97% of the river courses requiring flood control. Among the harnessed river courses, 3,282 km has reached the flood control standard.
5. Soil and Water Conservation
Soil erosion. The total area of territory suffering from soil erosion stands at 9,907 km2 and they all belong to hydraulic erosion in Zhejiang Province (Refer to Table 11 for further details ).
Table 11 Summary statistics of eroded areas
Erosion strength | Slight erosion | Moderate erosion | High erosion | Severe erosion | Extreme erosion | Total |
Area（10,000 km2） | 6,928 | 2,060 | 582 | 177 | 159 | 9,907 |
Percentage（%） | 69.94 | 20.79 | 5.88 | 1.78 | 1.61 | 100 |
Areas with water and soil conservation measures. The total area of territory benefitting from water and soil conservation measures reaches 36,013km2 in Zhejiang Province. Among them, there are 4,122 km2 benefitting from engineering measures , 30,918 km2 benefitting from biological measures and 973 km2 benefitting from other measures.
6. Capacity Building in the Water Sector
There are a total of 1,437 administration agencies, water enterprises and government-affiliated institutions with 31,070 employees in Zhejiang Province .Among them, there are 18,173 junior college graduates or holders with higher degrees and 12,897 high school or technical school graduates or holders with lower degrees .
Township-level water administrative units (including township integrated agricultural service centers or other organizations with water conservancy management functions) stand at 1,065 in total.
7. Mudflats and Reclamation
The total area of mudflats above theoretical bathymetrical datum reaches 3.43 million mu in Zhejiang Province. After liberation, there are a total of 499 reclamation projects with individual area ≥1000 mu and the total area reaches 3.7357 million mu .Among them, there are 456 completed and 43 under construction , with a total area of 3.0076 million mu and 0.7218 million mu respectively .
Notes
[1] All the data in this bulletin indicate preliminary summary of census results.
[2]The classification of the scales and grades of water structures is as follows.
1、Reservoir
Large Type- I reservoir: total storage≥1 billion m3;
Large Type-Ⅱ reservoir: 100 million m3≤total storage＜1 billion m3;
Small Type- I reservoir:1 million m3≤total storage＜10 million m3;
Small Type-Ⅱreservoir: 0.1 million m3 ≤total storage＜1 million m3.
2、Hydropower station
Large Type-Ⅰ hydropower station: installed capacity≥1.20 million kW;
Large Type-Ⅱ hydropower station: 0.3 million kW≤installed capacity＜1.2 million kW;
Medium-size hydropower station: 0.05 million kW≤installed capacity＜0.30 million kW;
Small Type-Ⅰ hydropower station:10,000 kW≤installed capacity＜50,000 kW;
Small Type-Ⅱ hydropower installed capacity＜10,000 kW.
3、Sluice
Large-size Sluice: flow capacity≥1,000 m3/s;
Medium-size Sluice: 100 m3/s ≤flow capacity＜1,000 m3/s;
Small-size Sluice: flow capacity＜100 m3/s.
4、Embankment
The Grade of embankments is classified by flood(tidal) control [recurrence period(year) ].
Grade-1:flood(tidal) control [recurrence period (year)]≥100;
Grade-2:50≤flood(tidal) control [recurrence period (year)]＜100;
Grade-3:30≤flood(tidal) control [recurrence period (year)]＜50;
Grade-4:20≤flood(tidal) control [recurrence period (year)]＜30;
Grade-5:10≤flood(tidal) control [recurrence period (year)]＜20;
Below Grade-5: flood(tidal) control [recurrence period (year)]＜10.
5、Pumping station
Large-size pumping station: installed capacity of flow ≥50 m3/s or installed capacity≥10,000 kW;
Medium-size pumping station: 10 m3/s≤flow capacity＜50 m3/s or 1,000 kW≤installed capacity＜10,000 kW;
Small-size pumping station: installed capacity＜10 m3/s or installed capacity＜10,00 kW.
[3] According to the results of the Continental Water Region Investigation of Zhejiang Province (reference year 2005), the total length of rivers in Zhejiang Province reaches 137,800 km.
[4] Theoretical bathymetrical datum is the theoretically lowest tide level calculated by tide harmonic constants. The differential value of theoretical bathymetrical datum and National Height Datum 1985 in Zhejiang Province coastal region is basically between 2m and 4m.
