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高中英语语法第一轮复习

 率我真 2013-09-17
  高中英语语法第一轮复习-情态动词(二)

五、ought to的用法

1. 表示义务或责任

意为“应该”:

We ought to start at once. 我们应该马上离开。

Such things ought not to be allowed. 这类事不该容许。

2. 表示建议或劝告

意为“应该”:

You ought to see the new film. 你应该看看这部新电影。

We oughtn’t to take risks. 我们不宜于冒险。

He said I ought to write an article about it. 他说我应当写一篇文章谈这事。

3. 表示推断

意为“应该”、“可能”:

That ought to be enough food for all of us. 那些该够我们大家吃的了。

Ask John. He ought to know. 问问约翰吧,他该知道。

I ought to be fit for work next month. 下个月我想必可以工作了。

注:用ought to 表示推断时,语气较肯定,通常指的是一种合乎逻辑的可能性(与should表推断时相似),有时可译为“准是”(但语气比must要弱):

That ought to [should] be Janet coming upstairs now. 正在上楼的准是珍妮特。

4. 所接动词所用形式

根据不同情况ought to后可接不同的动词形式:

(1) 接动词原形,用于谈论现在或将来的情况。(见上例)

(2) 接进行式,用于谈论正在进行的事:

You oughtn’t to be talking so much,Annie. 你不宜讲这么多话,安妮。

It isn’t what I ought to be doing. 这不是我现在应该做的事。

有时表示将要发生的事(正如用进行时态表示将来一样):

I ought to be going. 我该走了。

We ought to be hearing from him soon. 我们不久应当会接到他的信。

(3) 接完成式,用于过去的情况,可指过去已经发生的情况,也可接本该发生而实际上未发生的情况:

They ought to have arrived by now. 他们现在应该已经到了。

I ought to have helped her,but I never could. 我本该帮助她的,却从未能这样做。

I don’t think you ought to have done that. 我想你不应该这样做的。

5. 使用注意点 

(1) 在否定式中用ought not 或oughtn’t,在疑问中将ought提到主语之前:

He ought to go now, oughtn’t he? 他现在该走了,是吗?

(2) 在美国英语中,ought to用于否定句和疑问句时可将to省略(但在肯定句中to不宜省)。另外,在省略句中也可以省去to:

Ought we (to) have done it? 我们本该做此事吗?

"Ought I to go?" "Yes, you ought (to)." “我该去吗?”“对,你该去。”

6. ought to与 should的用法区别

(1) 一般说来,两者可替换,只是ought to语气稍重:

You ought to[should] go and see Mary sometime. 你应该什么时候去看看玛丽。

The train ought to [should] have arrived at six. 火车本应该6点钟到的。

(2) 表示出于法令规则、行为准则、道德责任等客观情况而“应该”做某事时,一般应用ought to,若用should则含有个人意见,强调主观看法:

We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will.  明天我们按理应该去看看玛丽,但是我认为我们不会去(此句不宜用should)。

(3) 在公告、须知或条例中,出于礼貌,常用should:

You should not run alongside the swimming-pool. 不准在游泳池边奔跑。

六、will与would的用法

1. 表示意愿

will 表示现在的意愿,would表示过去的意愿:

I will pay you at the rate you ask. 我愿意照你要求的价钱付款。

Go where you will. 你愿到哪里就到哪里。

He wouldn’t help me yesterday. 他昨天不愿帮助我。

She asked if I would go with them. 他问我是否愿同他们一起去。

注:(1) 表示“意愿”的 will 有时可用于条件句中:

If you will allow me, I will see you home. 如果你同意,我可以送你回家。

(2) would也可表示现在的意愿,语气较委婉:

I’d go there with you. 我愿同你去那儿。

I wouldn’t go. 我不会去。

2. 表示征求意见或提出请求

主要用于第二人称的疑问句中,will和would均可用,would此时并不表过去,而表示委婉语气:

Won’t you take off your coat? 你要不要把大衣脱掉?

Will [would] you please post the letter for me? 请帮我寄了这封信好吗?

Would Sunday night suit you? 星期天晚上适合你吗?

注:(1) 有时为使语气委婉,可用否定式。总的说来,用would比用will委婉,用won’t和would’t比单独用will和would要委婉。

(2) would有时用于提出想示,通常与like, love, hate, prefer, be glad, be happy等连用,若用于第一人称有时也可将would换成should:

I’d like [love] to have a look at it. 我想看看它。

I would prefer not to go out today. 我今天不想出去。

3. 表示习惯和倾向性

will表示现在的习惯,would表示过去的习惯:

Oil will float on water. 油总是浮在水上。

This window won’t open. 这扇窗户经常打不开。

He’ll talk for hours, if you let him. 你要让他讲,他会讲几个小时。

The wound would not heal. (过去)伤口老不愈合。

When he was a child, he would often go skiing. 他小时候经常去滑雪。

He would sit there for hours sometimes doing nothing at all. 有时他在那里一坐几个钟头,什么也不做。

注:有时would表示经常发生的令人不耐烦的事:

That’s exactly like him—he would lose her keys! 他就是这样,老丢钥匙!

4. 表示推测

will用于谈论现在,would可用于谈论过去,也可用于谈论现在(语气较委婉):

This car will hold six people. 这辆小汽车可以坐六个人。

Ask him. He will know. 问问他吧,他大概知道。

You wouldn’t know. 你不会知道。

Every family would have some sort of trouble. 家家都会有本难念的经。

The person you mentioned would be her father, is that right? 你提的那个人想必是她的父亲,对吗?

注:有时可后接完成式,表示对过去可能已经发生的情况进行推测:

You will have heard of it. 你已经听到那事了吧。

I thought you would have finished it by now. 我想你现在可能已经做完了吧。

5. 表示执意或决心

will表示现在的执意和决心,would表示过去的执意和决心:

“Tell me the secret.” “I won’t.”“把秘密告诉我。”“我才不哩。”

I won’t have anything said against her. 我绝不让谁说她的坏话。

He would do it, though I told him not to. 虽然我叫他不要做,可是他偏要做。

注:此用法可视为表意愿的加强用法,即强烈的意愿即为决心。

6. 其他用法

will 还可表示许诺、指示、叮嘱等,而would还可用于评论某一特定的行为等:

You will have your share. 你会得到你那一份的。

You will do as I told you. 你得照我说的去做。

That’s just what he would say. 他就是爱那样讲话。

You would never do anything to hurt me. 你绝不会做伤害我的事的。

7. would与虚拟条件句

有时用would,可视为是省略了或包含有相关条件的虚拟语气:

I might see her personally. It would be better. 我可能亲自去看她,那样更好些。(=It would be better if I saw her personally.)

She’d be stupid not to accept. 她不接受那才笨呢。(=She would be stupid if the didn’t accept.)

七、need的用法

1. 基本用法特点

need可用实意动词和情态动词,用作情态动词时,意思是“有必要”或“需要”,其后接动词原形,通常只用于否定句或疑问句以及if或whether之后,一般不用于肯定句:

You needn’t worry. 你不必担心。

Why need you go today?为什么你需要今天走?

He wondered whether they need send a deposit. 他不知道他们是否得交定金。

注:(1) 由于用作情态动词的need通常不用于肯定句,所以对于以need开头的疑问句的否定回答可用needn’t,但是肯定回答却不能用Yes, you need之类的,应根据具体情况改用其他表达:

"Need he stay here?" "Yes, he must." “他有必要留在这儿吗?”“是的,必须留在这儿。”

(2) need有时用于含有only, all 等表限制意义的肯定句中:

This is the only form you need fill in. 你要填的只有这一张表。

All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport. 你只需从机场打个的即可。

2. 后接动词完成式的用法

若要谈论过去情况,应在其后接动词完成式:

You needn’t have come in person. 你当时不必亲自来的。

Need you have paid so much? 你当时真需付那么多钱吗?

注:(1) 在宾语从句中可直接用need表示过去(也可用didn’t have to):

He said he need not [didn’t have to] hurry. 他说他不必匆忙。

(2) 注意对“need+have+过去分词”结构疑问式的回答:

"Need he have come so early?" "Yes, he had to." / "No, he needn’t have."“他来那么早有必要吗?”“有必要,他必须来那么早。”/“不,他本来没有必要来那么早的。”

3. 后接动词的进行式的用法

有时后接进行式表示动作正在进行:

We needn’t be standing here in the rain. 我们没有必要站在这里被雨淋。

4. needn’t have done与didn’t need to do

前者主要表示某事已经做了,但后来觉得没必要去做,因此常含有责备或遗憾之意;后者则不具体表明某事是否做了(即可能做了也可能没有做,此用法中的need为实义动词):

I got up early, but I needn’t have done so, because I had no work to do that morning. 我起床起得很早,但我本来不必起那么早的,因为我那天早上没什么事做。

I didn’t need to get up early this morning, so I stayed in bed until 9 a.m.. 今天早上我不必早起,所以我一直睡到上午九点钟才起床。

若没有特定的上下文,有时可能有歧义:

I didn’t need to go the office yesterday.

(1) 我昨天无需去那儿。(所以没去)(=I didn’t have to go there yesterday.)

(2) 我昨天本来不必去那儿的。(但我却去了)(=I needn’t have gone there yesterday.)

八、dare的用法

1. 基本用法特点

dare可用实意动词和情态动词,用作情态动词时,意思是“敢”,其后接动词原形,通常只用于否定句或疑问句以及if或whether之后,一般不用于肯定句:

Dare you tell her the truth? 你敢告诉她事实真相吗?

I don’t know whether he dare try. 我不知他是否敢试一试。

I daren’t ask her for a rise. 我不敢要求她加薪。

注:I dare say 是习惯说法(用于肯定句),并不一定要译为“我敢说”,它所表示的是一种不肯定的语气,常译为“很可能”、“大概”、“我想”等,有时用作反语:

I dare say (that) you are right. 我想你是对的。

Oh, you mean to win? I dare say you will. 啊,你想打赢? 我且看你赢吧。

(2) dare用作实义动词时意为“敢于”,可以有各种词形变化,可用于各类句型(肯定句、否定句、疑问句及各类从句等),其后多接带 to 的不定式,有时 to 也可省去(尤其是在否定句或疑问句),可用于非谓语形式,完成时态等:

We must dare to think, speak and act. 我们必须敢想、敢说、敢做。

I wonder how he dares (to) say such things. 我纳闷他怎么竟敢说出这样的话来。

Did he dare (to) tell her? 他敢告诉她吗?

We don’t dare (to) say anything. 我们什么也不敢说。

The boy stood before the teacher, not daring to look up. 这个小男孩站在老师面前不敢抬头。

I’ve never dared (to) ask her. 我从来不敢问她。

2. dare的过去式问题

情态动词dare可以有过去式dared,但也可以直接用dare表示过去式,或后接动词完成式:

That was why he dared do so. 那就是他为什么敢这样做的原因。

Mother dare not tell father she’d given away his old jacket. 母亲不敢告诉父亲她把他的旧上衣送人了。

I didn’t like their new house though I daren’t have said so. 我不喜欢他们的新房子,虽然我没敢这样说过。

I daren’t have done it yesterday.but I think I dare now.昨天我没敢这样做,但现在我想我敢。

注:dare后通常不接动词的进行式。

九、used to的用法

1. 基本用法特点

used to的意思是“过去经常”,其中的to是不定式符号,不是介词,所以其后接动词原形(不接动名词):

He used to live in Paris. 他过去一直住在巴黎。

I used to write poetry when I was young.我年轻时常常写诗。

"Do you play golf?" "No, but I used to." “你打高尔夫球吗?”“不打,但我过去打。”

2. 如何构成否定式和疑问式

used to作为情态动词,可直接在used后加not构成否定式,直接将used置于句首构成疑问式,但与一般的情态动词不同的,它也可像普通动词那样借助助动词did构成否定式和疑问式:

He usedn’t [didn’t use] to come. 他过去不常来。

You used to go there, usedn’t [didn’t] you? 你过去常到那儿去,是吗?

Where did you use to live? 你过去是住哪儿的?

注:在现代英语中,used to的否定式和疑问式通常借助助动词did构成(特别是在口语和非正式文体中),而直接将used作为助动词用通常被认为是非常正统或过时的用法。然而有趣的是,有时还可见到以下这种混合形式:

Did you used to be a teacher? 你过去是当老师的吗?

They didn’t used to live here.  他们过去没住在这儿。

3. used to与副词连用

与often, always, never等副词连用时,通常置于副词之后,也可置于副词之前:

I always used [used always] to be afraid of dogs. 我过去老是怕狗。

He often used [used often] to sit outside the door of his house. 他过去常坐他家门口。

注意,它通常不与具体的一般不能与表示次数(如twice, three times 等)或一段时间(如three months, five years等)的词连用:

正:I went to Paris three times. 我去巴黎去过3次。

误:I used to go to Paris three times.

正:He lived in the country for three years. 他在乡下住过3年。

误:He used to live in the country for three years.

4. used to 与 be used to的用法比较

(1) used to 意为“过去经常”,其中的 to 是不定式符号,后接动词原形:

He used to live in Paris. 他过去一直住在巴黎。

(2) be used to 意为“习惯于”,其中的to是介词,后接要用动名词:

He is used to living in the country. 他已习惯于住在乡下。

注:① 若要强调从不习惯到习惯的过程,可用 get, become 等代替动词 be:

He has got used to looking after himself. 他已习惯于自己照顾自己。

② be used to 有时可能是动词 use 的被动语态结构 (此时意为“被用来”,其中的 to 为不定式符号,其后要接动词原形):

A hammer is used to drive in nails. 锤子是用来钉钉子的。

5. used to 与would的用法比较:

(1) 两者都表示过去的习惯,当表示过去习惯性的动作时,可互换:

When we were children we would [used to] go skating every winter. 我们小时候,每年冬天都去溜冰。

(2) 若表示过去持续的状态,通常只用used to,不用would:

He used to like you. 他原来还是喜欢你的。

He is not what he used to be.  他已不是从前的他了。

(3) 若要强调过去与现在的对比,也通常只用used to:

I don’t smoke these days, but I used to. 我现在不抽烟,但我以前是抽的。

I used to drive to work but now I cycle. 过去我常驾车上班,但我现在骑自行车。

十、had better 的用法

1. 基本用法特点

其意为“最好”、“应该”,后接动词原形,与情态动词should用法相似,其中的had通常缩略为 ‘d:

You’d better get some sleep.你最好去睡一会儿。

We had better go before it rains.                 我们最好在下雨前就去。

2. 如何构成否定式和疑问式

构成否定式时,通常将not置于had better之后(而不是had之后);而构成疑问式时,则通常将had(而不是had better)置于主语之前:

I’d better not disturb him.我最好别去打扰他。

What had we better do? 我们最好怎么办?

注:在否定疑问句或反意疑问句中可将 not 与 had  连用:

Hadn’t we better go now? 我们是不是现在就去呢?

3. 后接进行式和完成式动词

有时后接动词的进行式,表示最好马上做某事;也可接完成式动词,表示最好做完某事或本该做某事而未做某事:

I think I’d better be going.我想我最好还是马上走。

You’d better be getting your clothes ready. 你最好马上把衣服准备好。

You had better have done that. 你最好把那事做完。

You had better have stayed here. 你本来应该呆在这儿的。

4. 几点用法说明 

(1) had better 用于提出建议或请求时,并不是一个很客气委婉的表达,它暗示对方有义务去做某事,因此通常用于长辈对晚辈或上级对下级等,而不宜反过来用。

(2) had best与had better 用法和含义均差不多,但不如had better普通:

You had best get home before midnight.你最好在午夜之前回到家里。

We had best be going.我们最好现在就走。

(3) 有时可省略其中的had:

You better stop arguing.你们最好不要争论了。

Better not wait for him. 最好不要等他了。

Better say yes, if they ask you. 如果他们问你,你最好说“是”。

(4) 有时为了强调,可将better置于had之前:

"I promise I’ll pay you back." "You better had." “我何证还给你。”“你最好还给我。”

十二、高考重要考点精练

1. The police still haven’t found her, but they’re doing all they _____.

A. may                     B. can                       C. must                     D. will

2. It’s a very kind offer, but I really ______ accept it.

A. mustn’t                B. needn’t                 C. can’t                    D. don’t

3. Their answers are exactly the same — one of them _____ from the other.

A. must copy             B. must have copied   C. could copy            D. should have copied

4. We ______ a worse day for the picnic — it rained nonstop.

A. couldn’t pick        B. couldn’t have picked

C. might pick            D. might not have picked

5. “Where’s the library?” “I ______ know.”

A. couldn’t               B. wouldn’t               C. didn’t                   D. mightn’t

6. That car nearly hit me; I _______.

A. might be killed      B. might have been killed

C. may be killed        D. may been killed

7. You ______ him the news; he knew it already.

A. needn’t tell           B. needn’t have told   C. mightn’t tell    mightn’t have told

8. You _______ practise the drums while the baby is sleeping.

A. needn’t                 B. mightn’t               C. mustn’t                 D. won’t

9. Are you still here? You _______ home hour ago.

A. should go             B. should have gone   C. might go               D. may have gone

10. As she’s not here, I suppose she _______ home.

A. must go                B. must have gone     C. might go               D. might be going

11. “I thought you wouldn’t mind.” “Well, as a matter of fact I don’t, but you _____ me first.”

A. should ask            B. should have asked

C. must ask               D. must have asked

12. “Do you think he is lazy?” “I _____ once, but I don’t now.”

A. may have thought  B. can have thought   C. may think             D. might think

13. The soldiers tried their best and did what they could ____ against the flood.

A. fight                    B. to fight                 C. fighting                D. fought

14. You _____ be right, but I don’t think you are.

A. can                      B. could                    C. must                     D. should

15. “I called you yesterday. A woman answered, but I didn’t recognize her voice.” “Oh, it _____ my aunt Jean.”

A. must be                B. must have been

C. might be               D. can have been

 

参考答案:1—5 BCBBB  6—10 BBCBB  11—15 BABBB

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