模型发动机制作
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On the left picture you see the WAK rear intake engine on the model. 在左边的图片你看到wak后方进气引擎的模型。
Yes we will use it this year !! 是我们将用它在今年！
On the right picture you see Monique, my sister, showing a typical Wakkerman model but hiding the engine !! 在右边的图片你看到莫妮克，我的姐姐，显示一个典型的wakkerman模式，但隐瞒引擎！
This engine will also be used against YOU. 这个发动机也将被用来对付你。
Two different engines for FAI combat. 两个不同的引擎辉作战。 This should make you very nervous. 这应该让你很紧张。 On the right we see the new version of the twin exhausted WAK engine. 在右边，我们看到了新版本的双用尽wak引擎。 This is a front intake and is a further development of the older LMT engine and the younger WAK rear intake engine. 这是一个前线摄入量，是一个进一步发展的旧lmt引擎和年轻wak后方进气引擎。
On the left you see the L+L engine which is designed by Lothar Hentschel (Germany) and myself 在左边您会看到升+升发动机是设计的洛塔尔hentschel （德国）和我本人
Both engines show some very clearly side ports. 两个引擎出现一些很清楚，方港口。 Not like in standard engines where the ports are normally 2 mm deep. 不喜欢在标准的引擎所在港口通常是2毫米深。 Shiver and read the story of these engines. 寒战和阅读的故事，这些引擎。
Both engines show some clear differences from 'normal/standard' engines. 两个引擎出现一些明显的差别，从正常/标准』的引擎。
First, the side porting is different. 首先，一侧移植是不同的。 At the lowest point the port is approx. 在最低点，港口，是约。 3.4 mm deep and 5.5 mm. 3.4毫米深和5.5毫米。 wide. 宽的。 At the highest point it is only 1.7 mm. 在最高点，这是只有1.7毫米。 deep and as wide as the port in the cylinder. 深和广泛的港口在气缸。 The square surface area decreases by 10 % so assuring an acceleration of the gasses. 广场面积下降了10 ％ ，因此，保证一个加速度的气体。
Second, as you might have seen the exhaust is positioned under an angle of 30 degrees downwards . 第二，正如你可能已经看到废气是定位下一个角度30度， 向下 。 The advantage is that a flooded engine will be easier to start as when the exhaust is positioned upwards. 的优势，这是一个充斥引擎将可以更轻松地开始时，排气的位置向上。 No difficult starting procedures for inexperienced pitman. 没有困难的开始，程序，经验不足的皮特曼。
As already mentioned the engine above (right) is a further development of the WAK rear intake engine developed in 1996. The idea behind the deep side ports is following : take one of your engines and take the cylinder and piston out. 正如已经提到的发动机以上（右）是一个进一步发展的wak后方引擎开发的摄入量在1996年。 背后的想法深方港口是以下内容 ：以您的其中一个引擎，并采取汽缸和活塞。 Take a good look inside at the side ports. 采取一个良好的内，看看在一侧的港口。 They are nicely formed. 他们是很好的形成。 Put the backplate in. 把backplate英寸
Conclusion : the backplate closes a part of the side ports so the effectiveness of these ports will be less. 结论 ： backplate 关闭 的一部分，一侧的港口，使这些措施的成效港口将会减少。
Both new engines are supplied with integral cylinders. 这两个新的引擎供应积分气瓶。 The piston is made with a coned head (see picture in the middle). 活塞是与锥D头（见图片中的中） 。
The cylinders and pist** for these engines are made by: 汽缸和活塞这些引擎都发了言：
Juri &Victor Marzenka juri ＆胜利者marzenka
from St.Peterburg 从st.peterburg
Russia 俄罗斯
WAK rear intake engine. wak后方进气引擎。
No dirty engine after a ground hit!! 没有肮脏的引擎后，地面击中！
Models more difficult to build. 模型更难以建立。
Both crankcases are established by the lost WAX method which means that you have to make a negative mould. 双方曲轴箱，建立了由失蜡法这意味着你必须作出负面的模具。 In this case 2 of them. 在这种情况下2人。 Once you have made these forms the WAX is pressed in with approx. 一旦你取得了这些形式的蜡是压在与约。 40 bar at a temperature of about 65 degrees Celsius (do you Americans know what a Celsius is ?). 40酒吧在温度约65摄氏度（你美国人知道什么是摄氏是什么？ ） 。
On the 3 pictures around this text you can see some of the procedure when making the wax crankcases. 对3图片变通解决此文字，您就可以看到一些程序时，使蜡曲轴箱。 On the left picture (above) you see that the form is still closed and the so-called venturi-adapter is pulled out. 在左边的图片（以上） ，你看到的形式，仍是封闭和所谓的文丘里-适配器是退出。 At the right picture Lothar Hentschel is trying to open/split the negative mould. 在适当的图片洛塔尔hentschel是尝试打开/分裂的负面模具。 And the next picture shows a wax crankcase and some parts of the negative mould. 和下一张图片显示了蜡曲轴箱和部分负面模具。
These Wax crankcases were brought to an Aluminiumcaster. 这些蜡曲轴箱被带到一aluminiumcaster 。 There they 'glue' the wax crankcases to a so-called wax 'tree'. 有他们的'胶水'蜡曲轴箱，以一个所谓的蜡'树' 。 The wax tree with crankcases is put into a vessel with a slurry of special gypsum. 蜡树与曲轴箱是把一艘船与水泥浆特别石膏。 After the gypsum is hardened the total is heated up till approx. 后石膏是硬化的总加热直至约。 1200°C. 1200 ° C时 The wax disappears totally without leaving rest parts like ash. 蜡消失，完全没有留下，其余的部分，像灰。 Then the aluminium A357 can be poured in. In the end the crankcases receive a T6 heat treatment to give it a certain stiffens/hardness and good manufacturing abilities. 那么，铝a357可以浇英寸，在结束曲轴箱收到T6的热处理给它一个某些stiffens /硬度和良好的制造能力。
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第1部分
How to make engines ??, one of the possibilities 如何使引擎？ ？ ，其中一个可能性
In this page I will try to explain how I make my engines. 在此页中我会尝试解释如何使我的引擎。 It doesn't mean that this is the way to do it, but this is just the way I am using. 这并不表示这是方法，这样做，但是这仅仅是我的方式使用。 There are probably more ways that leads to troubles. 有可能是更多的办法，导致麻烦。 The story will be a little in the ' you we I ' form. 故事将是一个没有什么' 你我们 '的形式。
Let me first introduce the machines I'm using. 首先让我介绍机器我使用。 On pic.1 you can vaguely see my EMCO compact 10 Lathe and the operator. 对pic.1您可以隐约看到我的emco紧凑， 10车床和经营者。 My milling machine on pic.2 is an EMCO FB-2. 我的铣床上pic.2是一个emco的FB - 2 。 These 2 machines are standing very closely together on a surface area of about 4 square meter. 这些二机常委会十分密切合作，面积约4平方米。 On picture 3 you see a wooden frame. 对图片3您看到一个木制框架。 Because we don't have a very big house we had to find a nice place for them. 因为我们没有一个非常大房子，我们要找到一个很好的地方，为他们。 So they stay in our bedroom. 所以他们留在我们的卧室。 In our bedroom I made a new small room which is noise isolated and the machines are standing on rubber. 在我们的卧室我提出一个新的小房间，这是孤立的噪音和机器是常委会对橡胶。 Everything is comfortably enough and this is proven by Helle regularly when I see that she is sleeping while I am working, even when the door to the 'machine room' is opened. 一切是不够舒适，这是证明赫雷定期当我看到她是睡，而我的工作，甚至当大门'机房'是开。
Picture 4 shows the rough crankcases when they finally arrive from the aluminium caster. 图片4显示粗糙曲轴箱，当他们最终到达从铝连铸机。 Nicely packed in plastic on a cardboard. 好，装在塑料纸板上。 It almost looks professional. 它几乎看起来专业。
picture 1 图片1
picture 2 图片二
picture 3 图片3
picture 4 图片4
All these pictures on this page were made when I was making the WAK rear intake engine, but in general these procedures I'm using for all my engines. 所有这些图片在此页中发了言，当我把wak后方进气引擎，但一般来说，这些程序我用我所有的引擎。 I will try to explain step by step in what stage I am and hope to make a test report before the model flying season starts. 我会尝试解释一步一步在什么阶段，我希望做出的测试报告之前，模型飞季节开始。 My target is to make 6 WAK front intake crankcases and 8 L+L front intake crankcases. 我的目标是使6 wak前线摄入量曲轴箱和八升+升前线摄入量曲轴箱。 I don't know how many I will build together but at least 3 WAK's and 4 L+L's to avoid statistical errors. 我不知道有多少，我会共同建设，但至少3 wak的和4升+ L的，以避免统计错误。
So step 1: Pack out those crankcases, take a drink and sit down in the cautch and look at them and fantasize about who and who you are going to beat this year with the new engines. 因此，第1步：包这些曲轴箱，饮料和坐下来，在cautch ，看看他们和幻想，谁和你是谁，要打败今年与新引擎。 Nice dreams but there is work to be done. 尼斯的梦想，但有许多工作要做。 That already starts in picture 6. 已经开始在图片6 。 I don't know the exact name for it but I will name them engine bearers (that flat part with holes where you put the screws through). 我不知道确切的名称，但我将他们的姓名引擎执事（即单位的一部分，与洞的地方你把螺丝通过） 。 Those 2 engine bearers will be the reference point from now on.. 那些2引擎旗手将成为参考点，从现在起.. When using the lost wax method for making crankcases you should be aware of the fact that the crankcases are always a little bend. 当使用失蜡法，使曲轴箱，你应该知道的事实，即曲轴箱总是有点弯曲。 This happens because one side of the negative mould is always earlier opened. 这种情况的原因是一方的负面模具始终是较早开放。 This side will shrink a little more. 这方面会萎缩多一点。 So we need to be sure about it that the axis of the cylinder hole and the axis of the crankshaft hole cross each other. 因此，我们需要确保它认为，轴的缸孔和轴的曲轴孔跨对方。 If that is what you want then invest a lot of time in adjusting the jigs you are using. 如果这是你想要的，然后投入大量的时间在调整夹具您所使用的。 There are theories about engines with off sets and so on, so maybe I should get Lothar Hentschel to study this phenomena. 有理论的引擎与小康集等，使也许我应得的洛塔尔hentschel研究这个现象。 On picture 6 you see on the bottom a square block that is situated within 0.01 mm accuracy from the jig that goes through the crankshaft hole. 对图片6您所看到的底部方形座是位于0.01毫米的准确性，从跳汰机即通过曲轴孔。 The crankshaft hole is not at the right dimensi** when it arrives from the aluminium caster so therefore you need a jig that is conical on the back and goes through the crankcase hole. 曲轴孔是不正确的尺寸，当它到达从铝连铸因此您需要一个跳汰机是锥形在背部和通过曲轴箱孔。 Another part, also conical is put in from the front and is put over the jig and into the crankshaft hole. 另一部分，也锥形是在付诸表决，从正面，是付诸表决，超过跳汰机和进入曲轴孔。 Now you are ready to start making small sharp aluminium particles but don't tell your wife that you are making them !!!! 现在你准备开始做小夏普铝粒子，但不告诉你的妻子，你是使他们！
This is the jig described above. 这是跳汰机上文所述。 The blue lines represent the conical parts. 蓝线代表圆锥形件。 The crankcase is put over, then part B is put in from the front. 曲轴箱，是把超过的话， B部分是在从正面。 Part C is a bolt that is srewed into part A to keep part B in place. C部分是一个螺栓是srewed到A部分，以保持B部分在地方。
Picture 6 shows the bolt and part B. 图片6显示了螺栓和B部分。
Picture 7 shows part A , the crankcase and the bolt 图片7显示部分一，曲轴箱和螺栓
picture 5 图片五
picture 6 图片6
picture 7 图片7
picture 8 图片8
Milling and drilling is now a peace of sp.. 铣和钻井现在是一个和平的SP .. cake. 蛋糕。 Once this step is done we need to make another jig where we can put the crankcase on and manufacture the cranckcase hole with a little undersize ( later more about why). 一旦这一步是做我们需要再作跳汰机的情况下，我们可以把对曲轴箱和制造cranckcase洞的一个小undersize （后来更多地了解为何） 。 Here you can make either more small sharp particles or (with the right feed and revoluti**) long curly dreadlocks (over 2 meter). 在这里，您可以作出任何更小粒子或夏普（与的权利，饲料和革命） ，只要曲dreadlocks （超过2米） 。 They fit nicely in the Christmas tree and you'll surprise friend and enemy with it. 他们配合好，在圣诞树，你会感到诧异的朋友和敌人。
Later more when the next step is accomplished. 后来，当更多的下一步是完成了。
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第2部分：
The jig is finally ready (all the aluminium particles are spread out over the entire house) and the first crankcase is fitted in ( picture 9 ). 夹具是最后准备（所有铝粒子散布在整个院）和第一曲轴箱是装在（ 图片9 ） 。 Now it is wise to measure how precisely the jig is made. 现在是明智的措施，如何正是跳汰机的意见。 I use a clock that is measuring within 0.01 mm. 我使用的时钟是衡量内部0.01毫米。 In this case the inner side of the crankcase hole was not exactly in the middle, the crankcase hole was 0,05 mm below the middle of the axis of the lath which means that there is milled a little too much away from the so called 'engine bearers' or from the jig (or both). 在这种情况下，党内的一面曲轴箱孔并非完全在中间，曲轴箱孔0,05毫米以下的中轴线的板条这意味着有球磨有点太多脱离所谓的'发动机旗手'或从跳汰机（或两者） 。 It is still OKEE because we have to deal with a crankcase that is made by the lost wax method. 它仍然okee ，因为我们要处理一个曲轴箱是所提出的失蜡法。 There is always an excuse when you are working with such established crankcases. 有始终是一个借口，当你的工作与这种既定的曲轴箱。
The only precise work in this step is the crankcase hole, I make it at a diameter of 12,02-12,03 mm. 只有准确的工作，这一步是曲轴箱孔，我在一个直径12,02-12,03毫米。 Some steps later I will make this at 12,04 mm and later on at 12.07 mm. 一些步骤，稍后我会作出这在12,04毫米，并稍后在十二点〇七毫米。
The front ball bearing will be 8*16*4 mm. 前球轴承将有8 * 16 * 4毫米。 and here I do some pre-work and I make this fitting already at a diameter of 15,5 mm. 我在这里做一些预先的工作和我提出这装修已经在一个直径为15,5毫米。 Later it will be clear why I do this. 稍后将清楚，所以我做到这一点。 So, secondly I turn the crankcase to do pre-work at the back part of the crankcase ( picture 10 ). 因此，第二，我想谈谈曲轴箱做预先的工作，在回部分的曲轴箱（ 图片10 ） 。 In the back I want to have a ball bearing 12*21*5 mm. 在后面的我想有一个球轴承12 * 21 * 5毫米。 Here I make the diameter 20,5 mm and take away the over length of the crankcase at the back within 1 mm. 我在这里作出的直径20,5毫米，并带走超过长度的曲轴箱在回到1毫米。 of the end size. 对年底的大小。 Later in the chapter 'more about it later' more about it. 后来，在章'更多地了解，后来'更多地了解它。
Make your negative moulds always with oversize for length and height, this can be 5 mm.or more. 使您的负面模具始终与特大型长度和高度，这是可以五mm.or更多。 The diameters is a total different story. 直径是一个总不同的故事。 Here we have to deal with 2 times shrink, once when the wax crankcase is made and once when the aluminium crankcase is established. 在这里，我们要处理的2倍萎缩，一旦当蜡曲轴箱是，一旦当铝曲轴箱，建立了。 A total shrinkage of about 3 % in our case. 总收缩率约为 3 ％ ，在我们的情况。
Next I will have to make the cylinder fitting in the crankcases and for this I need to make another jig. 接下来，我将不得不使气缸装修，在曲轴箱和为此，我需要再作跳汰机。
More about it later !! 更多关于稍后！
picture 9 图片九
picture 10 图片10
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第3部分：
picture 10 图片10
picture 11 图片11
Yes, we have made another jig. 是的，我们已经取得了另一跳汰机。 Now you can maybe see that once you have made a jig you also want to use it. 现在，您可以看到，也许一旦你作出了跳汰机，你也想使用它。 Therefore I machine all the crankcases I have. 因此，我机的所有曲轴箱我。 Maybe it's more than I need but it is stupid that when a jig is made and justified to unclamp it. 也许这是比我更需要的却是愚蠢的，当一个跳汰机是和合理的unclamp 。 One time a serie of ten is much less work than 10 times a single!. 一时间，意甲的10要少得多的工作超过10倍，一个单一的！
On picture 10 you see that I do some pre working by taking off the over length of the cylinder boring.The crankcase for the new L+L engine is made multifunctional. 对 图片十 ，你看到我做一些会前的工作，采取关闭超过长度的缸曲轴箱boring.the为新升+升发动机是多功能。 It means that we can either use integral cylinders or normal liners. 这意味着我们可以使用积分瓶或正常衬板。 I like the idea of integral cylinders. 我喜欢的想法积分气瓶。 There is more wall thickness (3 mm instead of 1.5 mm) so the roundness of the cylinder is more assured and the cool ribs are directly on the cylinder giving a better cooling effect as in normal engines. 有更多的壁厚（ 3毫米而不是1.5毫米） ，所以圆缸是更有保障和冷静的肋骨是直接在气缸提供了更好的冷却效果，因为在正常的引擎。
Now we come to an important point. 现在，我们来一个重要的一点。 Once you know that the exhaust side is hotter than the opposed side you will realize that this exhaust side will expand a little more. 一旦你知道排气一边是热比反对的一面，你会认识到，这排气方将扩大多一点。 To get the axis of the crankcase hole and the axis of the cylinder boring at the best angle (90 degrees) you will have to make an assumption about the temperature difference of the exhaust side and the opposed side or measure it in a wind tunnel. 得到的主轴，曲轴箱孔和轴的气缸镗在最好的角度（ 90度） ，你将不得不作出一个假设有关温差排气方和反对方或措施，它在一个风洞。 I don't want to scare Helle with a wind tunnel in the house so I have to make an assumption. 我不想吓唬赫雷与风洞在众议院的，所以我要作出一个假设。
On picture 11 you can see, at the back side, an underlayment (brass colored) under the so-called engine bearers. 关于 图片11 ，你可以看到，在背面，一 underlayment （黄铜色）根据所谓的引擎旗手。 Now YOU have to decide how thick they should be, every engine builder will have his own idea or excuse. 现在您已经决定如何厚，他们应该是，每一个引擎的建设者将有自己的想法或借口。 So, it is useful to ask them about it but don't be surprised when you hear different answers. 因此，它是有益的，要求他们约，但不感到惊讶，当你听到不同的答案。
Now I make the cylinder boring at a diameter of 18.01 mm. 现在我使气缸镗在一个直径十八点○一毫米。 The integral cylinder, made by the Marzenka brothers, has an outer diameter of 17.98mm. 积分缸，所提出的marzenka兄弟，有一个外径一十七点九八毫米。 In this step I also make the top plane. 在这个步骤中，我也作出顶端飞机。 So do it for all the crankcases and this job is done. 这样做，它为所有曲轴箱和这项工作是做的。
I also made the thread in the crankcase to hold the cylinder in place. 我 也作出了线程在曲轴箱举行缸在地方。 Six screws for the WAK engine and 4 for the L+L engine. 6螺丝为wak发动机和4为升+升引擎。 Why 6 for the WAK and 4 for the L+L? 为什么6月为wak和4为升+升？ In the WAK there was only place for short (6 mm) M2.5 bolts, they would otherwise come out in one of the ports. 在wak存在的唯一地方短期（ 6毫米） m2.5螺栓，他们会站出来，否则在一个港口。 In the L+L we try another theory, we use 4 bolts but very long ones (16 mm). 在升升+我们尝试另一种理论，我们使用的四螺栓，但很长的（ 16毫米） 。 The first 6 mm in the crankcase doesn't contain thread at all. WHY ?? 第一6毫米在曲轴箱不包含在所有的线程， 为什么呢？呢？
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第4部分：
In this stage I had to make a new jig again, from steel. 在这个阶段，我不得不作出一个新的跳汰机再次，从钢。 Once this jig is made you shouldn't take it out of the lathe before the complete serie is done. 一旦这个跳汰机是你不应该采取出来的车床 前，完成在意甲是这样做。
This jig is maybe the most important and frustrating one. 这一跳汰机，也许是最重要的和令人沮丧的一。 If it is not within 0.005 mm exactly, make another one. 如果是不0.005毫米到底，再作一。 Don't be satisfied with less!! 不很满意少！
I need this jig to machine the ball bearing fittings to the desired inner diameters. 我需要这个跳汰机，以机器球轴承配件，以理想的内径。 This is one of the possible ways to do it. 这是其中一个可能的方式去做。 (I've already heard another possibility, or not Guffy. Guffy of Sweden will give me a lecture about this subject on the Aalborg competition, so one more reason to go to Aalborg!!) （我已经听到另一种可能性，或不guffy 。 guffy ，瑞典将给我一个讲座，关于这个问题的奥尔堡的竞争，所以一个理由去奥尔堡！ ）
Before I could use this jig I first went to Robbie Metkemeyer to use his hone equipment. 之前，我可以使用此跳汰机首先，我到罗比metkemeyer使用他的磨练设备。 I hone the crankcase hole to a diameter of 12.04 mm. i磨练曲轴箱孔直径十二点零四毫米。 This 'honing' is necessary in my opinion because of some reas**. 这'珩磨'是必要的，我认为是因为某种原因。 Two of them are: 1. 二，他们是： 1 。 the surface will be like polished. 表面就会像抛光。 2. 2 。 it is easy to make the crankshaft holes all at the same inner diameter, lets say within 5 micr** (0.005 mm). 这是很容易使曲轴孔在同一内径，让说，在5微米（ 0.005毫米） 。 You also have to realize that when honing a front intake crankcase, the crankshaft hole will be a little un'round. 您也可以实现，当珩磨前端摄入量曲轴箱，曲轴孔将是一个小un'round 。 At the venturi side the honing stone is pushing same hard but the surface to hone is less. 在文丘里方珩磨石是相同的努力推动，但表面上磨练较少。 Therefore I don't want to hone/polish too much away from what I did in the earlier stage. 因此，我不想在磨练/波兰语太多远离我所做的，在较早阶段。
picture 12 图片12
Picture 12 shows the new jig. 图片12 显示了新的跳汰机。 The diameter of 12 is off course not 12. 直径12是关闭的，当然不是12 。 This was in my case 12.03 mm. 这是在我的情况一十二点○三毫米。 This means that the crankcase just fits over the jig. 这意味着，曲轴箱只适合超过跳汰机。 In the end it's a little conical so the crankcase is centered and tightened. 在年底，这是一个小圆锥，使曲轴箱是为本和收紧。 In the front it should also be tightened and centered. 在前线，它也应收紧和为本。 Here I've sawed grooves in the jig of approximately 10 mm deep. 在这里，我已经sawed槽，在跳汰机约10毫米深。 A bolt is screwed in in the front and this splits the jig a little (something like 0.01 mm ). 1螺栓拧在在前面，这分裂跳汰机的一点（像0.01毫米） 。 The possible failure you can make is so little that you will have to live with it. 可能失败，你可以是这么少的说，能够生存，您将与它。
Picture 13 shows the crankcase on the jig. 图片13 显示曲轴箱就跳汰机。 In the cylinder boring you see another piece of steel. 在气缸镗您会看到另一块钢。 This piece of steel which is made with great accuracy, fits in the cylinder, and this is for me a reference point. 这条钢这是与伟大的准确性，适合在气缸盖，这对我来说是一个参考点。 I know the diameter of this steel part and when I turn the crankcase slowly by hand up and down there is a moment that the cutting tool just touches this steel jig. 我知道的直径，这钢的一部分，当我把曲轴箱的手慢慢向上和向下有一个时刻，刀具只是触及这个钢跳汰机。 Now I know the 'exact' middle of the engine (steeldiameter /2). 现在我知道了'精确'中的引擎（ steeldiameter / 2 ） 。 Now it's even possible for me to calculate the distances for the front and back ball bearing fittings and other secret details. 现在，它甚至可以为我计算距离的正面和背面球轴承设备和其他秘密细节。
picture 13 图片13
These are the moments that it can be wise to think a little more than else. 这些都是时刻，它可以是明智的认为稍多于其他人。
I don't want to make too many mistakes 我不想作太多的错误
picture 14 图片14
Picture 14 is not showing much but I have good memories about it. 图片14 显示的不是很多，但我有美好的回忆，约它。 The idea of this picture is to tell you that from here I make the front ball bearing fitting. 的思想，这图片是要告诉你，从我在这里作出的前端球轴承拟合。 ( between 15.990 and 15.992 mm ). （ 介乎15.990和一十五点九九二毫米 ） 。 This is not the end stage of this ball bearing fitting (later more ....). 这是不是结束阶段，这球轴承拟合（后来更多。 … In this stage I also make thread (16.8*0.5 mm) for a kind of bolt that should keep the front ball bearing in place (the next story will be in Dutch, easier for me and you will learn something). 在这一阶段，我也使线程（ 16.8 * 0.5毫米）为1种螺栓应保持前球轴承已到位（在未来的故事，将在荷兰语，更容易为我和你会学到一些东西） 。
Once this is done I turn the crankcase and the back ball bearing fitting ( between 20.980 and 20.985 mm ) is made. 一旦这样做，我想谈谈曲轴箱和回球轴承拟合（ 介乎20.980和二十零点九八五毫米 ） 。 Again this is not the end stage of this ball bearing fitting (later more ....). 再次，这是不是结束阶段，这球轴承拟合（后来更多。 …
Is there more to do ??. 是有更多的事情要做？ ？ 。 Yes, yes in part 5 we talk about backplates, venturi's and 'honing' the crankshaft hole again. 是的，是在第5部分我们谈论backplates ，文丘里的'珩磨'曲轴孔再次
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第7部分
Answers I got: 我得到的答案：
Mats Bejhem wrote: 垫bejhem写道：
Are you afraid that nobody listen to your wisdom words? 你害怕没有人听你的智慧的话呢？ This sounds very nervous! 这听起来很紧张！
One comment about the bolt that I have forgot to give you. 一评论关于螺栓，我忘了给你。
I'll think the bolt becomes virtually longer as the crankcase don't use threads the first 6 mm.我会认为螺栓成为几乎不再作为曲轴箱不使用线程的第一个6毫米。 The mechanical elasticity of the bolt is in this way increased. 机械弹性的螺栓是在这样的增加。 As I remember, H?kan ?stman and Mats B?hlin used a similar system in a F2C engine 1992. 我记得， h?kan ?stman和垫b?hlin用了一个类似的制度在一个f2c引擎1992年。 Theirs bolts was made of brass and not steel. 他们的螺栓是黄铜，而不是钢。
Have you tried that? (No, (Loet W)) 您是否尝试过呢？ （无， （ loet瓦特） ）
One advantage you may achieve by this c**truction is to reduce the stress distribution in the integrated cylinder as it becomes heated. 一个好处，您可能会实现这个建设是为了减少应力分布在综合缸，因为它变得激烈。 The cylinder 气缸
continues to be uniform and not deformed. 继续被制服和不变形。 Your engine runs faster and we all have problems to cut your damn streamer. 您的引擎运行更快，我们都有问题，以减少您的可恶缆。
Mats Bejhem. 垫bejhem 。
Kim Doherty wrote: 金多尔蒂写道：
I apologize on behalf of the entire world aeromodelling fraternity for not having taken the time to answer your question / puzzle. 很抱歉我代表整个世界航模界的不考虑的时间来回答你的问题/未解之谜。
You should always bore for complete clearance of the thread (for a short distance) to permit the bolt to stretch and therefore maintain the 你要始终口径为完成清理线程（短距离） ，以准许螺栓，以舒展，因此维持
tension. 紧张。 This is why you use nylon bolts to hold wings on. 这就是为什么您使用尼龙螺栓举行的翅膀上。 (They stretch and maintain their tension.) （他们伸展和维持其张力） 。
I trust you will now finish the article or turn development of the WAK series engines over to your sister. 我相信现在，您将完成的文章或把发展的wak系列发动机到您的妹妹。 :-) :-)
(Yes, I will finish the article after I have the drawings finished. (Loet W)) （好的，我会完成的文章后，我有图纸完成。 （ loet瓦特） ）
Kim Doherty 金多尔蒂
Canadian F2B Team. 加拿大f2b队。
Joel Frigon wrote: 约珥frigon写道：
I hereby want to apologize for my lazyness and I hope you will accept it. 在此，我要道歉，我lazyness ，我希望你会接受它。
Actually, I just found your site but don't know when you wrote it. 其实，我刚刚找到您的网站，但不知道什么时候你写的。 Anyhow the reason for not threading the head bolts near the top is because they stretch when tightened. 无论如何的原因，不是线程螺栓头部上方附近，是因为它们拉伸时，收紧。 If there were threads in the stretch area they would break instead of stretch. 如果有线程在拉伸区，他们将打破而不是舒展。
I enjoyed your site. 我很喜欢您的网站。
Joel 约珥
Mike Phillips wrote: 迈克菲利普斯写道：
Dear Mr Wakkerman, 亲爱的先生wakkerman ，
In answer to your puzzle,I submit the following,I hope that I am close to being correct! 在回答你的困惑，我提出以下几点行动，我希望我接近正在正确的！
The counterbore at the crankcase joint line is to ensure that the stresses are distributed over a larger area in order to even out the clamping loads on the joint faces(line of max stress is at 45 degrees) this means that the clamping loads loads can ideally overlap at the joint face it also has the bonus of giving a longer bolt length which means less stress on the bolt for the same tightening torque. 该counterbore在曲轴箱的联合路线，是要确保该讲是分布面积较大，在以，甚至出夹紧载荷对联合所面临的（线的最高强调的是，在45度） ，这意味着，夹紧载荷载荷可以理想重叠在联合面对它也有奖金给予较长的螺栓的长度即减少应力对螺栓同时收紧扭矩。 The relieving of the first thread on a contact face is sound engineering practice as we have all found out when trying to get the resulting less than flat mating surfaces to seal! 缓解的第一个线程在一个接触面是良好的工程实践正如我们都发现，当试图获得由此产生的不少于单位***表面密封！
The other bonus is that the crankcase can be made lighter for the same strength as the loads are distributed over a larger area , mostly in shear, I was taught that aluminium alloys are not at their best in tension for several reas**.,the strong likelyhood,if not certainty of eventual fatigue failures being the most obvious ,though perhaps not as relevant given the carnage in the combat circles. 其他好处是，曲轴箱可以作出较轻的为同一强度作为荷载分布面积较大，主要是在剪，我是告诉我们，铝合金并不在他们的最好的紧张局势，原因有几个，强烈的可能性，如果不确定性，最终被疲劳失效，最明显的，虽然也许并不如有关鉴于大屠杀，在作战界。
I much enjoyed your article,I also apologise for my laziness! 我很喜欢您的文章，我也原谅我的懒惰！ I must say that your work is an inspiration to me, congratulati** on your achievments. 我必须说，你们的工作是一个启示，我祝贺你们取得的成就。
Regards, Mike Phillips 此致，迈克菲利普斯
Some about venturi's: 一些约文丘里的：
First I've to warn you, I can't make proper drawings because nobody learned me how to so I have developed my own international standard. 首先，我已经警告你，我不能作出适当的图纸，因为没有人了解我怎样，所以我有我自己开发的国际标准。 It is possible that my drawings are difficult to read. 它可能是我的图纸是难以阅读。 Sorry for that. 很抱歉。
We have to deal with a 4 mm diameter hole (max 4.05 mm) and this means that we would like to get as much as possible air in and this only possible when there is no turbulence. 我们必须处理一个4毫米直径孔（最大值四点零五毫米） ，这意味着我们想获得尽可能多的空气和这唯一可能时，是没有动荡。 Henning Forbech (Denmark) has calculated that the optimal angle for laminar flow is 7 degrees. 亨宁forbech （丹麦）计算出最优的角度为层流，是为7度。
In Team Race you can see venturi's with a step. 在小组比赛，你可以看到，文丘里的一个步骤。 The air will be very turbulent after such a step and there will be a good mixing of the fuel and air. 空气将非常动荡后，这样的一个步骤，并会有一个很好的混合燃料和空气。 Team race engines run very lean and it is wise to mix as good as possible. 团队竞赛发动机运行很稀，这是明智的组合一样好。 They don't have to deal with a maximum venturi diameter. 他们没有处理，最高丘直径。
In combat we have the 4 mm rule, fuel is no problem. 在战斗中我们有4毫米的规则，燃料是没有问题的。 Our problem is the air flow. 我们的问题是空气流动。 Don't forget that the volume below the 4 mm hole doesn't exceed the 1.75 ml !! 不要忘记，货量低于4毫米孔不超过一点七五毫升！
Take a look at your engines/venturi's. 考虑一下你的引擎/文丘里'第 Maybe there is something to optimize. 也许有一些优化。
If somebody has another opinion or idea please mail me . 如果有人有另外的意见或想法请发邮件到我 。 I don't know anything about Reynolds. 我不知道什么雷诺兹。 Who the hell was .... 谁是地狱，是....
On the left you see a cross section of the WAK front intake engine with the venturi described above. 在左边你看到一个截面的wak前线摄入引擎与文丘里上文所述。
The blue part should be a presentation of the backplate. 蓝色的部分应该是一个介绍该backplate 。 You can see that the piston goes into a slot that is milled in. This is one way to reduce the crankcase volume. 你可以看到，活塞进入插槽是球磨英寸，这是其中一个方法，以减少曲轴箱量。 It is also possible to fill up the piston but it makes the piston heavier and maybe something falls out. 它也有可能填补活塞，但它使得活塞较重的，也许一些瀑布。 Another way is to make the big end shorter. 另一种方式是使大底较短。 This is a very effective way but this means that the conrod also gets more narrow 这是一个非常有效的方法，但是，这意味着该conrod也越来越窄
view from behind 鉴于从背后
(seen from outside of the engine) （从以外的引擎）
view from the front 鉴于从前线
(seen from inside of the engine) （从内部的引擎）
cross section side view 截面侧视图
Above on the left you see the backplate from behind. 上述在左边您会看到backplate从落后。 The dotted lines represent the part that is in the engine. 该虚线代表的一部分，这是在发动机。
On the left you see the same backplate from the front. 在左边你看到相同的backplate从前面。
To make this on a conventional milling machine is masochistic. 使这对传统的铣床是自虐。 So therefore I choose to use a CNC milling machine. 因此我选择使用数控铣床。 The milling machine is a SCM Record 220 actually mend for wood. 铣床是一个供应链管理的纪录， 220其实是亡羊补牢，木材。 It has a range of approximately 3 meter * 1.2 meter. 它有一个范围大约为3米* 1.2米。 For my backplates the accuracy is good enough. 我backplates的准确性是不够好。 It is programmable in micr** and is milling within 0.01 mm without any problems. 这是可编程在微米，是铣内0.01毫米没有任何问题。 It is nice to see that after an afternoon of programming the machine is making the backplates. 它很高兴看到，经过一下午的编程机器，是使backplates 。
The machine is shown on picture 22. 机器上显示的图片22 。 In the front you can see a very small green block. 在前线你可以看到一个很小的绿色块。 I have also used this machine to mill some parts in the negative mould. 我也用这台机器上，以轧机部分是否定的模具。 More about that in another story (without questi** this time). 更多地了解，在另一个故事（无问题，这个时候） 。
Picture 23 shows the small backplate (the part that goes into the engine is made). 图片显示， 23小backplate （部分进入引擎是作出） 。 The part above is the engine of the milling machine. 部分以上是引擎的铣床。 It takes approx. 需约。 20 minutes to make a complete backplate (including the 4 holes) out off a massive block It's possible to do it faster but I have been using a 4 mm. 20分钟，使一个完整的backplate （包括四洞）指出小康大规模座有可能这样做更快，但我已使用了4毫米。 mill and I am very patient. 轧机和我很耐心。
picture 22 图片22
picture 23 图片23
And how it looks for real 以及它如何寻找真正的
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