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教学内容:What do people eat?

 书馆之书 2014-02-15

教学内容:What do people eat?

 

【学习目标】

同学们,新的学期开始了,下面是本单元中出现的重点单词、词组和句子,还有涉及的语法内容,你预习得怎么样了?快来试一试吧!

 

类别

语言项目

课次

要求

 

 

 

 

kitchen  cupboard  few  a few  salt  sugar  pepper   oil   wine beer  fork  spoon  chopsticks pea  butter  cheese   soup

Italian   pizza   Indian   kinds of   work place   seem   even  Italy   chocolate   ice

make laugh    both    eitheror    neithernor   a bit(of)

without  take a seat  take away   waiter   madam   menu   order bill   be famous for

 

L. 57

 

L. 58

 

L. 59

 

L. 60

 

掌握

 

四会

 

四会

 

四会

Would you like? /Do you think?

Could you pass me? Yes, I think so. /No, I don’t think so.

Help yourself to.

Do you agree? Yes, I agree. /No, I don’t agree.

Do you agree with Indira?

May I take your order now?

L. 57

L. 58

 

 

L. 59

L. 60

四会

 

  

简单句的五种基本句型:

1. 主语+不及物动词。She cooks. /We are drinking.

2. 主语+及物动词+宾语。She made a cake. /We are drinking tea.

3. 主语+系动词+表语。She is happy. /They feel tired.

4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。

She passed me the salt. /I gave her somechips.

5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。

We keep the room clean. /He made us laugh.

 

掌握

 

【基础知识精讲】

一、单词精讲

1. 关于help的几种用法:

△作为动词, help常用于help sb. +(to)do sth. help sb. with sth. 两种结构。有时这两种结构可相互替换,但用不定式在意思上更明确一些。有时两个结构不能替换,只可用不定式,不能用with短语,否则表达的意思不明确。

e. g. (1)Could you help him(to)carry the box? 你能帮他搬这个箱子吗?

(2)Could you help him with the box? 你能帮他拿一下这个箱子吗?

(3)Tom can help you(to)find the right place.

(不能说:Tom can help you with the right place. )

△在招待客人时,我们可以说Help oneself to表示“请随便吃……”或“随便用()……”,通常用于祈使句中。如不用于祈使句,则有“擅自取用……”之意。

e. g. (4)Help yourself to some soup/fish. 请喝点汤/吃些鱼。

(5)Help yourselves to some fruit. 请你们随便吃些水果。

(6)May I borrow some books from you? ”“我能借你几本书吗?”

Help yourself to any of them. ”“请随便拿。”

(7)Jack helped himself to all the fish in the kitchen.

杰克自己在厨房把鱼全吃光了。

(8)Li Lei helped himself to my dictionary and didn’t return yet.

李雷擅自拿走了我的字典,没还给我。

△动词help后面可直接跟不定式,意为“有助于……”。

e. g. (9)The coat can help(to)keep warm. 这件大衣有助于保暖。

(10)This book will help(to)improve your spoken English.

这本书将有助于帮你提高英语口语。

help单独使用时可作“有效”解,这时相当于work

e. g. (11)This medicine didn’t help at all. 这种药没起一点作用。

[注]人们在危急时刻常喊“Help! ”这里help作“救命”解。

help sb. out意为“帮助某人摆脱困境”解。

e. g. (12)I can’t work out the maths problem. Can you help me out?

我解不出这道数学题了,你能帮我一下吗?

help可用作不可数名词,常用于withwithout短语中。

e. g. (13)She is in great need of help. 她迫切需要帮助。

(14)With the teacher’s help, I can speak English better and better.

在老师的帮助下,我英语讲得越来越好。

(15)Without your help, he couldn’t finish the work.

如果没有你的帮助,他不可能完成这个工作。

[注]名词help有时可与不定冠词a连用,表示“帮手、助手”之意。

(16)Lisa is now a good help at home for her mother.

Lisa现在是她母亲在家里的一个好帮手。

(17)The little boy is quite a help in the shop.

这小男孩是店里的一大帮手。

[注]helpful是形容词,作“有用的,有帮助的”解。

e. g. (18)The book is quite helpful. 这本书很有用。

2. seemlook

(1)这两个动词都可作“看起来”解,但look着重于视觉得出的印象;seem暗示有一定根据,这种判断往往接近事实。在搭配上两者都可接形容词或带有形容词修饰的名词、动词不定式to be、过去分词、介词短语。

e. g. He looks/seems fine. 他看上去很健康。

The girl looked/seemed to be very ill. 那女孩看上去病得很重。

(2)在下列几种情况下只能用seem,不能用look

△后面接动词不定式to do时。

e. g. The man seemed to know all the people in the village.

这个人似乎认识村里所有人。

△用于It seems that…结构时。

e. g. It seemed that he missed the train. 看来他没赶上火车。

△用于There seems + to do结构时。

e. g. There seems to be something wrong with your bike.

你的自行车好像有毛病。

3. both/all

这两个词都可用作代词、形容词和副词,意为“全部,都”。然而它们使用的范围不同。

(1)both用来指两个人或物,当代替名词时谓语动词要用复数形式,其位置一般在行为动词前,be 动词、情态动词、助动词之后。

e. g. Both of the cities are very beautiful. 这两个城市都很美丽。

His parents are both teachers. 他的父母都是老师。

Lucy and Lily both went to the cinema last Sunday.

LucyLily上星期天都去看电影了。

(2)all指三个或三个以上的人或物,其位置与both相同。

e. g. The visitors were all from the USA. 游客们都来自美国。

The students all arrived there on time.

学生们都按时到达那里了。

(3)bothand连用,构成关联词,意为“双方都,不但……而且……”。

e. g. She can both sing and dance.

她不但会唱歌,而且会跳舞。

Both Li Lei and Tom can play football.

李雷和汤姆都会踢足球。

4. also; too; either

这三个词都表示“也”,但用法不同。

also用于肯定句,通常位于be动词、助动词或情态动词后,行为动词前。

e. g. (1)Chinese cooking is also very popular in the world.

中国烹饪在世界上也很受欢迎。

too用于肯定句或疑问句,一般放在句末。

e. g. (2)I’m in Class One, Grade Two, too. 我也在二年级一班。

(3)Is he in Class One, Grade Two, too? 他也在二年级一班吗?

either常用于否定句中,一般放在句末。

e. g. (4)He doesn’t like potatoes. I don’t like potatoes, either.

他不喜欢吃土豆,我也不喜欢。

5. agree一词的用法。

agree用于简短问答中,表示“同意”或“赞成”。

e. g. (1)Chocolate is good for your health. Do you agree? 

“巧克力对你身体有好处,你认为呢?”

Yes, I agree. /No, I don’t really agree. 

“是的,我觉得是。/不,我不完全同意这种说法。”

(2)Driving fast is really exciting. Do you agree? 

“开快车确实令人刺激,你认为呢?”

I really don’t agree. ”“我完全不同意这种观点。”

[注]Do you agree? 相当于Do you think so? I(don’t )agree相当于I (don’t )think so. I don’t really agreeI really don’t agree在意思上有所不同,前者是不完全否定,表示“不完全同意”,后者是完全否定,表示“完全不同意。”

agree后可接不定式作宾语,但不能接动词ing形式作宾语。

e. g. (3)I agree to tell her the bad news.

我同意告诉她这个坏消息。

(4)He didn’t agree to go with me. 他不同意和我一起去。

△表示“同意某人做某事”应在agree后面接that从句,而不能用agree sb. to do sth. 

e. g. (5)I agree that he is really a good boy.

agree with sb. = agree with what one says表示“同意某人的观点”。

(6)I don’t agree with you. = I don’t agree with what you said.

二、词组精讲

6. a few/a little/a bit

△上述三者都有名词的功能,在句中作主语或宾语。

e. g. (1)A little is better than nothing. 少胜于无。

(2)I have no juice. Please give me a little. 我没有桔汁,请给我一点。

△三者都可用作形容词作定语。区别为:a few修饰可数名词的复数形式;a littlea bit均可修饰不可数名词,但a little可直接放在名词前,a bit则必须与of构成短语后再接名词。

e. g. (3)I gave her a few flowers. 我给了她几朵花。

(4)There’s still a little milk in the bottle. = There’s still a bit of milk in the bottle. 瓶子里还有点牛奶。

a little, a bit可用作程度副词(a few则不行), 用来修饰形容词、副词,也可用来修饰动词,通常可相互换用。

e. g. (5)The boy is a little/a bit hungry. 那男孩有点饿。

a littlea bit可与not连用,但意义却不同。not a little表肯定意义,相当于very, 作“很,非常”讲;而not a bit是加强否定的语气,相当于“notat all”,作“一点也不”解。

e. g. (6)She is not a little good at music. 她非常擅长音乐。

(7)She is not a bit good at music. 她一点也不擅长音乐。

7. talk about sth. /sb. , talk to sb. , talk with sb.

talk about sth. /sb. 意为“讨论,谈论……”。

e. g. (1)Don’t talk about the others behind them.

不要在背后谈论别人。

talk to sb. talk with sb. 都表示“与某人交谈”。

e. g. (2)He is a right person to talk to/with. 他是个聊天的好对象。

(3)I really enjoy talking to/with you. 我非常喜欢和你谈话。

talk作名词时,可用作可数名词,作“谈话,会谈,报告”讲。常用词组有give a talk(作报告)have a talk(听报告), have a talk with sb. (与某人交谈,会谈)

e. g. (4)He gave us a talk about English names.

他给我们作了一个关于英文名字的报告。

(5)We had a talk at school yesterday.

昨天我们在学校听了一个报告。

8. be ready(for/to do)get ready for/to do

be ready表示“做好准备,准备完毕”,侧重于已经准备就绪的状态。get ready侧重于准备的过程,后面都可与for和动词不定式to do连用。

e. g. (1)Dinner’s ready now. 现在晚餐已经准备好了。

(2)The soldiers are ready for the fight.

战士们做好了打仗的准备。

(3)All the planes are ready to take off.

所有的飞机做好了起飞的准备。

(4)The farmers are getting ready for the harvest.

农民们正在为丰收做准备。

(5)He has got ready to set off. 他已准备好出发。

getready表示“把……准备好”,侧重于强调动作和行为,get后接名词或代词。

e. g. (6)We must get everything ready before we start.

出发前我们必须把一切都准备好。

9. at table at the table

at table意为“进餐,就席”,相当于have a mealat the table意为“坐在桌旁”。

e. g. (1) Don’t talk too much when you are at table.

吃饭时不要说那么多话。

(2)Can we sit at the table by the window?

我们可以坐在靠窗的桌子那儿吗?

(3)She is sitting at the table and watching TV.

她正坐在桌旁看电视。

10. take a seat

take a seat意为“坐下,就座”,相当于have a seatsit down

e. g. please come in and take a seat. = Please come in and sit down. 请进来坐下。

11. neithernor…和eitheror

△两者都是并列连词,常用来连接两个并列的成分。前者意为“既不……也不……”,表示两者都没有;后者意为“或者……或者,不是……就是……”,表示两者必有其一。当它们连接两个主语时,谓语的动词形式要和最近的主语保持一致。

e. g. (1)Neither he nor I am going to the cinema.

他和我都不去看电影。

(2)Either you or I am wrong. 不是你错,就是我错。

(3)Neither you nor he knows the answer. 你和他都不知道答案。

not onlybut also(不但……而且……)连接两个主语时与以上两词组情况一样,谓语动词和后面的主语在数上保持一致;而bothand(两者都)连接两个主语时,谓语动词应为复数形式。

e. g. (4)Not only Li Lei but also his father can play football.

不但李雷会踢球,而且他爸爸也会。

(5)Not only Mr Brown but also Mrs Brown works in China.

不但布朗先生在中国工作,而且他夫人也在中国工作。

(6)Both you and your teacher are wrong.

你和你的老师都错了。

(7)Both he and his parents are working in England.

他和他父母都在英国工作。

[注]上述词组除可连接并列主语之外,还可连接句中其他并列成分。

e. g. (8)You can go and see him either this Sunday or next Sunday.

你可以这个星期天或下一个星期天去看他。

(9)He can speak neither English nor French.

他既不会讲英语,也不会讲法语。

(10)The little boy can not only ride a horse but also drive a car.

这小男孩不但会骑马而且会开车。

(11)They are good children both at school and at home.

他们在学校和家里都是好孩子。

三、句子精讲

12. There is a little sugar on the table. L. 57

桌子上有一些糖。

There are a few chopsticks on the table. L. 57

桌子上有一些筷子。

a littlea few都表示“一些”讲,但a little用来修饰不可数名词,而a few用来修饰可数名词,都表示肯定。而littlefew修饰不可数名词和可数名词,都表示否定,作“几乎没有”讲。

e. g. (1)He knows a little Japanese. 他懂一点日语。

(2)He knows little Japanese. 他几乎不懂日语。

(3)She has a few apples. 她有几个苹果。

(4)She has few apples. 她几乎没有苹果。

[注]not a littlenot a bit在前面已有解释。

13. They eat a lot of potatoes/beef/fish. 

So do we. /Oh, we don’t . We eat a lot of…”[L. 57

“他们食用大量的土豆/牛肉/鱼。”

“我们也如此。/噢,我们可不是,我们食用大量的……”

△句子“a lot of”表示“许多的,大量的”,相当于“lots of后跟可数名词或不可数名词。

e. g. (1)There are a lot of trees on the hill. 山上有许多树。

(2)There is a lot of rain in South China every year.

华南地区每年有大量降水。

So do we. 是一种倒装句,表示上文所说的情况或动作,也适合于另一人或另一些人。句中助动词等动词的选用取决于前一句中的谓语动词:如果前一句谓语动词为实义动词的一般现在时,则用do, does代替;若是实义动词的一般过去式则用did代替;一般将来时用will, shall代替;若前一句中含beam, is are, was, were形式,也要根据倒装句的主语来确定。

e. g. (3)He went to Shanghai last week. So did I.

他上周去上海了,我也去了。

(4)Mr Green will come to Beijing next year. So will Mrs Green.

格林先生明年将来北京,格林夫人也要来。

(5)My parents are going to the park. So am I.

我父母要去公园,我也要去。

(6)Qingdao is a beautiful city. So is Dalian.

青岛是个美丽的城市,大连也是。

△当肯定前面所说情况或行为确实如此,则不用倒装结构,而用“so+主语+谓语动词相对应的be/助动词/情态动词”这一结构,该句型主语和上句话的主语须一致。

e. g. (7)It’s very cold here in winter. So it is.

这儿冬天很冷。的确如此。

(8)I heard you went to Shanghai last year.

我听说去年你去上海了。

So I did. 的确去过。

(9)They went shopping last Saturday. 他们上周去购物了。

So they did. 的确去购物了。

[注]如果要表达前面陈述的否定情况也适于后者时,常用“Neither/Nor+be/助动词/情态动词+主语”这一倒装结构,表示“(后者)也不”。

e. g. (10)He isn’t a teacher. 他不是一个老师。

Neither/Nor is she. 她也不是。

(11)They didn’t go to Hainan Island. 他们没去海南岛。

Neither/Nor did we. 我们也没去。

(12)You can’t reach the apple on the tree. 你够不到树上的苹果。

Neither/Nor can I. 我也够不到。

14. Would you like some butter with your bread? L. 57

你愿意要点黄油涂在面包上吗?

Would you like to have dinner with me tonight? L. 57

今晚你愿意和我共进晚餐吗?

Would you like…?后可跟名词或代词作宾语,也可跟动词不定式结构,表示“你想要……吗?”“你想做……?”,是一种比较婉转的征求对方意见或询问对方是否喜欢的日常用语,后面常用some来表达肯定的愿望,希望能得到对方肯定的答复。

e. g. (1)Would you like some tea with milk?

你愿意喝加奶的茶吗?

(2)Would you like to go shopping with me?

你愿意和我一起去买东西吗?

[注]Would you like为一固定搭配结构,其中的人称和谓语动词不可任意替换。“Would you like to do…”句型也可用“Would you love to do…”替换,表示邀请对方做某事,常译成“请你做……,好吗?”或“你愿意做……吗?”除此两句型外,还可以用“Will you please doWould you please do”或“Shall we do”。也可用陈述句的形式表示邀请,即“I’d like/love you…”形式。

e. g. (3)Would you like to go to her birthday party?

你愿意去参加她的生日聚会吗?

(4)Would you love to join us? 你愿意参加我们的活动吗?

(5)Would/Will you please join the party? 请你参加晚会好吗?

(6)I’d like to invite you to my birthday party.

我想邀请你参加我的生日聚会。

[注]对以上任何一种邀请都可作如下应答:

I’d like to. /I’d love to. /I’d like(love)to, but I’m afraid/With pleasure. /Yes. It’s very kind/(nice)/(good)of you.

15. Could you pass me the cheese, please? L. 57

请你把乳酪递给我,好吗?

Could you do…常用来表示请求帮助或请求允许,常用could代替can, 以表示礼貌、委婉的语气。这时could不能看作can的过去式。本句中用could是表示有礼貌的请求。

e. g. Could I use your dictionary for a week? 我能借用一周你的字典吗?

16. What is the most popular food in China/in the world? L. 58

中国/世界上最流行的食物是什么?

the most popular food最流行的食物。其中popular为多音节形容词,其最高级在前面加the most, 比较级加more。类似的单词如delicious, interesting, carefully

17. Italians like to eat pizza. Indians like to eat hot food. L. 58

意大利人喜欢吃比萨。印度人喜欢吃辣食。

ItalianIndian的复数在后加s,分别表示“意大利人”,“印度人”,类似的还有Americans(美国人)Canadians(加拿大人)Russians(俄国人)Germans(德国人), Koreans(韩国人)Australians(澳大利亚人)等。

[注]中国人和日本人单复数都为ChineseJapanese, 英国人和法国人为EnglishmanEnglishmen, FrenchmanFrenchmen

18. In England, one of the most popular kinds of food is fish and chips. L. 58]在英国,最受欢迎的一种食物是炸鱼炸薯条。

One of the +形容词最高级+可数名词的复数,表示“最……当中的一个”。其谓语动词用单数形式。

e. g. (1)America is one of the most developed countries in the world.

美国是世界上最发达的国家之一。

(2)Li Lei is one of the best students in our class.

李雷是我们班上最好的同学之一。

(3)In China, Qingdao is one of the most beautiful cities.

在中国,青岛是最美丽城市之一。

fish and chips炸鱼和炸薯条,指一种食物,当其作定语时,chip不加s

e. g. (4)Most children like to eat fish and chips.

大多数孩子喜欢吃炸鱼和薯条。

(5)There are many fish and chip shops in England.

在英国有许多炸鱼和薯条的食品店。

19. They put it in paper bags, and take it home, or to their workplace. L. 58

他们把它放在纸袋里,然后带回家或带到他们工作的地方。

putin…把……放进……里面。

e. g. The students put their books in their bags. 学生们把书放进书包里。

[注]:put在这儿有“放置”的意思,与其构成的短语有:put up(举起)put down(放下), put on(穿上,戴上), put away(收起,放好)等。

20. It seems that American fast food is the most popular in the world. L. 58

好像美国快餐在世界上最流行。

seem作连系动词,意为“似乎,好像”其常见结构有以下几种:

(1)It seems that+从句是一固定句型,意为“似乎……,好像……”。

e. g. It seems that she is worried about her son.

好像她在为她儿子担心。

[注]动词seem只能用一般现在时或一般过去时,到底用哪一种,取决于that从句中谓语动词的时态,两者原则上一致。但如果that从句中用现在进行时,seem则用一般现在时;如果that从句用过去进行时,seem则用一般过去时。

It seems that she is saying something in a low voice.

她似乎在低声说着什么。

It seemed that they were talking about him when he came in.

当他进来时,似乎他们正在议论他。

(2)复合句It seems/seemed that…句型可以转换成简单句结构,即“名词/代词+seems/seemed+动词不定式”。若其中不定式是to be+形容词结构,to be 有时可省去。

e. g. She seems(to be)worried about her son. 她好像在为她儿子担心。

He seems not to get on well with his classmates.

他似乎与同学相处得不好。

They seemed to be talking about him when he came in.

当他进来时,他们似乎正在议论他。

[注]进行上述转换时,如果that从句是否定句,转换时可用助动词do, doesdid的否定形式来否定谓语动词seem, 也可用not + to do(不定式)来完成。转换时要注意seem的人称及时态形式。

e. g. It seemed that he didn’t enjoy himself at the party. = He didn’t seem to enjoy himself at the party. = He seemed not to enjoy himself at the party. 他似乎在聚会上玩得不高兴。

21. Chocolate is good for your health. Do you agree? L. 58

巧克力对你的健康有好处,你同意吗?

be good for…对……有益,与其相对应的是be bad for…表示“对……有害处”。

e. g. (1)Walking is good for your health. 步行对你的健康有益。

(2)Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.

看电视太多对眼睛有害。

(3)Taking more exercise is good for your health.

多锻炼对你的健康有好处。

[注]以上例句主语都是动词ing形式引起的短语,都可以用“It is good/bad forto do…”来转换,而意思不变。

e. g. (4)It is good for your health to walk.

(5)It is bad for your eyes to watch TV too much.

(6)It is good for your health to take more exercise.

be good to…表示“对待……好……”,与其相反的是“be bad to…”表示“对……不好”。介词to后面常跟表示人的名词或代词。

e. g. (7)Our teacher is very good to us. 我们老师对我们很好。

(8)We must be good to the others. 我们应对别人好一点。

(9)The young man is bad to his parents. 那年轻人对父母不好。

[注]be good at表示“擅长……,在……方面学得好”。

e. g. (10)Are you good at English? 你英语学得好吗?

(11)He is very good at swimming. 他很擅长游泳。

22. Do you think it’s good to do some housework? L. 59

你认为做些家务是不是件好事?

△这是一个主从复合句,Do you think是主句,后面是宾语从句,宾语从句前省略了连接词that。宾语从句中的it是形式主语,真正的主语是从句中的to do结构。此类句子也可以改为含有复合宾语的简单句。如上句可改为:

Do you think it good to do some housework? 在这一简单句中,it 成了形式宾语,动词不定式to do…结构是真正的宾语,good成了宾语补足语,说明宾语的性质。

e. g. (1)I think it’s right to do some housework. = I think it right to do some housework. 我认为做家务是对的。

(2)She found it was important to learn English well. = She found it important to learn English well. 她发现学好英语很重要。

(3)I found it was difficult to do the work. = I found it difficult to do the work. 我发现做这个工作很难。

(4)We all think it is necessary to wait in line. = We all think it necessary to wait in line. 我们都认为排队等候是必要的。

[注]在宾语从句it is+形容词+to do sth. 结构中,如果要说明是谁来执行后面to do的动作,就要改成it is +形容词+for sb. +to do sth. 的形式。

e. g. (5)I think it’s hard for him to finish the work in a short time.

我认为他很难在短时间内完成这项工作。

(6)I found it was very easy for them to play the game.

我发现做这种游戏对他们来说非常容易。

23. I don’t think it’s right. L. 59

我认为这是不对的。

△此句型形式上否定了主句,但实际上否定的是从句内容。不应按照中文表达习惯说成I think it’s not right

e. g. (1)I don’t think it’s a good idea. 我认为这是不个好主意。

(2)He doesn’t think I can work out the maths problem.

他认为我不能解答这个数学难题。

(3)I don’t think you are wrong. 我认为你没错。

24. Why don’t men do a bit of housework? L. 59

为什么男人不做点家务呢?

Why don’t /didn’t…句型用于第三人称时表示说话人含有批评、责备、埋怨的语气,表示主语理应做某事而实际未做。

e. g. (1)Why doesn’t he come to school on time?

他为什么不准时到校呢?

(2)Why didn’t they study hard at English?

他们当时为什么不努力学英语呢?

[注]表达以上批评、责备、埋怨的语气时,如果主语是第二人称,则用Why didn’t you而不能用Why don’t you?

Why don’t…用于第二人称时,表示说话人对未来事情的建议和劝说。此时Why don’t you…句型在口语中常可说成Why not句型,表达同样意义。

e. g. (3)Why don’t you wear more warm clothes in such a cold day? = Why not wear more warm clothes in such a cold day?

这么冷的天你为什么不多穿点暖和的衣服呢?

(4)Why don’t you go shopping with me? = Why not go shopping with me? 你何不跟我一起去买东西?

[注]与此句类似,同样表示提建议的还有What about/How about…句型,介词about后跟名词或动词ing形式。

e. g. (5)Why not go out for a walk? = What about/How about going out for a walk? 何不出去散散步?

(6)Why not ride your bike to school? = What about/How about riding your bike to school? 为什么不骑车去上学呢?

25. I like Chinese tea without anything in it. L. 60

我喜欢不加任何东西的中国茶。

△介词短语without anything in it用作定语,修饰宾语Chinese tea。介词without有否定含义,与介词with意思相反。正因without有否定含义,所以其后不定代词用anything, 而不用something。如用介词with, 其后则用something。句中it指宾语Chinese teawithwithout介词短语在句中常用作定语,表示人或物的特征。

e. g. (1)China is an old country with a long history.

中国是一个历史悠久的国家。

(2)Do you know the woman with big eyes and long hair?

你认识那位长着一双大眼睛,留着长发的女士吗?

(3)He lives in a small wet room without a window.

他居住在一个没有窗户又小又潮湿的房间里。

△介词withwithout构成的短语在句中常用作伴随状语或条件状语。

e. g. (4)The boy told me the story with tears in his eyes.

这男孩眼里满含泪水向我讲述了这个故事。

(5) The tiger jumped into the river with these words.

老虎说着这些话就跳进了河里。

(6)Mrs Zhao hurried over with a medicine box under her arm.

赵老师带了个药箱匆匆赶来。

(7)I can’t learn English well without your help.

没你的帮助我学不好英语。

(8)The poor young man ran out of the room without saying a word when he heard the bad news.

可怜的年轻人听到这坏消息没说一句话冲出了房间。

26. Today we are going to have something English. L. 60

今天我们要吃些英式菜。

词组something Englishsomething是不定代词,English是形容词作定语,修饰something。形容词作定语修饰不定代词时须后置。此类不定代词有something, anything, nothing, everything等。

e. g. (1)Did I say anything wrong yesterday? 昨天我说错什么了吗?(不可说wrong anything)

(2)There is something strange on the hill. 山上出现了奇怪的事情。

(3)He said that there was nothing important to do.

他说没什么重要的事可做。

(4)We should pay attention to everything important.

我们应该关注一切重要的事情。

27. It must be more delicious. L. 60]这东西一定更好吃。

情态动词must在句中表示肯定性的推测,意思是“一定;想必是”,表示否定性的推测时用can’t,意思是“不可能”。

e. g. (1)She must be at home now. 她现在一定在家里。

(2)They must be playing basketball on the playground.

他们肯定在操场上打篮球。

(3)That can’t be Mr Li. He went to Beijing yesterday.

那位不可能是李老师,他昨天去北京了。

(4)She can’t be in at this time. She must be out.

这个时候她不可能在家。她肯定出去了。

如用在行为动词前,must作“必须”“应该”解。

e. g. (5)You must look after yourself. 你应该照顾好自己。

(6)We must listen to the teacher carefully in class.

我们在课堂上必须认真听讲。

28. I’m happy you like it.

△这是一个主从复合句,I’m happy是主句,you like it是宾语从句,从句前省略了that。此处I’m happyI’m gladI’m pleased意思相同。类似用法的还有I’m sorryI’m afraid等,后面也可接宾语从句。

e. g. (1)I’m happy/glad/pleased you can play with us.

我很高兴你能和我们一起玩。

(2)I’m glad/happy/pleased they can help each other.

我很高兴他们能够互相帮助。

(3)I’m sorry I’m late for school. 对不起我上学迟到了。

(4)I’m afraid I can’t take part in the party.

恐怕我不能参加这个聚会。

△如果从句中的主语和主句的主语一致,此类句型可能换成I’m++to do结构。

e. g. (5)I’m pleased/happy/glad to see you again. 又见到你我很高兴。

(6)I’m sorry to be late for school. 对不起我迟到了。

29. Would you like anything else? L. 60

你还想要别的什么吗?

else在句中作后置定语,修饰不定代词anythingelse作定语时不能修饰名词,不能作前置定语。通常用来修饰不定代词something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, everybody,

anybody, nobody等,也可用来修饰疑问代词who, which, what和疑问副词when, where等,else修饰这些词时须位于这些词的后面。

e. g. (1)There must be somebody else on the island.

岛上肯定还有别的什么人。

(2)He has something else to say. 他还有别的什么要说。

(3)What else do you want to say? 你还有什么要说的?

(4)Where else did you go and who else did you meet?

你还去了哪里?还见到了谁?

30. somebody elseanybody else的所有格形式体现在else一词上。即somebody else’s anybody else’s

e. g. (5)This is somebody else’s car. It’s not his.

这是别人的汽车,不是他的。

31. But I think it’s much nicer in a paper bag, in the open air. L. 60

不过我觉得放在纸袋中,在露天吃更好些。

△句中much是副词,修饰比较级nicer, 强调程度。用来修饰比较级的还有a little, a lot, even, far, no等词的表示不同程度。

e. g. (1)It’s much colder today than yesterday. 今天比昨天冷得多。

(2)Please come to school a little earlier next time. 下次请早点到校。

(3)He works even harder this term than last term.

他这学期比上学期学习更努力了。

(4)This problem is a lot more difficult than that one.

这道题比那道题难得多。

32. China is very famous for its food in the world. L. 60

中国以它的食物而在世界上闻名。

be famous for…因……而著名。如果因从事某一职业或以某种身份而著名、出名,须用词组be famous as 来代替。

e. g. (1)Qingdao is famous for its sea food. 青岛以海鲜而出名。

(2)China is famous for the Great Wall. 中国以长城而著名。

(3) She’s famous as a doctor. 她作为一名医生而著名。

(4)Bill Gates is famous as a computer scientist.

比尔·盖茨作为一名电脑专家而著名。

四、语法精讲

33. 简单句的五种基本句型

(1)Subject + Intranstive Verb(S+V)主语+不及物动词谓语

e. g. The baby can speak. 这个婴儿会说话了。

They are drinking. 他们正在喝东西。

The children are playing happily. 孩子们正在高兴地玩。

(2)Subject + Transitive Verb + Object(S+V+O)主语+及物动词+宾语

e. g. I want an eraser. 我想要一块橡皮。

They are drinking tea. 他们正在喝茶。

They enjoy living in China. 他们喜欢居住在中国。

(3)Subject + Link Verb + Predicative(S+V+P)主语+系动词+表语

e. g. We are happy. 我们很幸福。

They feel tired. 他们感到疲劳。

He seemed angry. 他似乎生气了。

[注]其中的系动词除be外,初中阶段还有get()become(变得)turn()look(看起来)feel, smell, taste, seem等。

(4)Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object. (+ InO + DO)主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,此类句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语,指人的宾语称为间接宾语(InO),指物的宾语称为直接宾语(DO),通常间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后。也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后,但此时间宾前需用介词forto

△与for连用的动词有buy, get, find, cook, make, sing, choose等。

e. g. My father bought me a dictionary. = My father bought a dictionary for me. 我爸爸给我买了一本字典。

△与to连用的动词有give, bring, send, tell, teach, pass, return, take, lend等。

e. g. She passed him the salt. = She passed the salt to him.

她把盐递给他。

△既可与for也可与to连用的动词有bring, do, leave, play, write等。

e. g. Please bring me the exercisebook tomorrow. = Please bring the exercisebook for/to me tomorrow. 明天请把练习本给我带来。

[注]如果直接宾语是人称代词时,则必须将其置于间接宾语之前:如“把它给我”,Give it to me而不可说Give me it.

(5)Subject + Verb + Object + Complement. (S+V+O+OC)主语+及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语。此类句型中及物动词后的宾语还需跟上宾语补足语(OC)意思才完整,宾语和宾语补足语合称为复合宾语。可用作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、动词不定式、现在分词和介词短语等。

△后跟名词作宾补的动词常有call, name, make, choose, think等。

e. g. We can call him Jim for short. 我们可简称他为吉姆。

△后跟形容词作宾补的动词常有keep, make, find, get, think等。

e. g. We must keep our classroom clean and tidy.

我们必须保持我们的教室整洁。

△动词不定式作宾补有三种情况

第一种:后跟带to的不定式作宾补的动词常有ask, tell, want, teach, wish, get等。

e. g. He is teaching us to sing a song. 他正教我们唱一支歌。

第二种:后跟不带to的不定式作宾补的动词可归纳为“一感(feel)”“二听(listen to, hear)”“三让(let, make, have)”“四看(see, look at, watch, notice)”。

e. g. Let me help you.

让我来帮助你。

I often see them play basketball on the playground.

我经常看到他们在操场上打篮球。

第三种:help后跟不定式作宾补时,不定式符号to可有可无。

e. g. She often helps her parents(to)do some housework.

她经常帮父母干些家务活儿。

△后跟现在分词作宾语补足语的动词常有:feel, listen to, hear, see, look at, watch, notice, find, keep等。

e. g. I heard someone singing in the next room.

我听见有人在隔壁唱歌。

I saw a boy crying when I came in.

我进来时看到一个小男孩在哭。

△后跟介词短语作宾语补足语的动词常有keep, find take等。

e. g. We found him on the hill.

我们发现他在山上。

He kept the dog out of the door.

他让小狗呆在门外。

 

【学习方法指导】

同学们在学习的时候一定要联系课本,分析例句,对于易混单词和词组,可实行对比学习,对于句子和语法内容,切忌死记硬背,要注重理解和运用。如语法中的双宾语和复合宾语两个概念,用能否加“to”和“for”即可判断出来。能加则为双宾语,不能加则为复合宾语。

 

【拓展训练】

大家对于本单元知识的掌握程度,可以在这一环节中试验一下,看你能不能闯过这三关!

[一关四选一]

1. The text is very easy for you. There are ___________new words in it.

A. a few                       B. a little                       C. few                         D. little

2. Would you like some more rice?

Yes, just___________.

A. a few                       B. few                          C. a little                       D. little

3. It’s nothing serious. You’ve just caught ___________a cold.

A. a bit                         B. a bit of                            C. a little                       D. a little of

4. You don’t know the answer. I don’t know, ___________.

A. too                          B. either                       C. also                         D. neither

5. There are many tall trees on ___________side of the street.

A. either                       B. both                         C. all                            D. every

6. ___________of the two new books are interesting.

A. All                           B. Both                         C. Any                         D. Either

7. So much work usually makes them ___________very tired.

A. to feel                      B. feels                         C. feeling                      D. feel

8. It’s bad for your health to go to work ___________ breakfast.

A. without                    B. at                             C. for                           D. with

9. There is ___________ in Today’s newspaper.

A. new anything                                               B. new something

C. anything new                                               D. something new

 10. Which would you like to drink, coffee or orange juice?

___________. Please give me a cup of tea.

A. Neither                     B. Both                         C. All                           D. None

[二关写单词]

1. Jack doesn’t seem___________(喜欢)fast food.

2. His joke made all of us___________().

3. Thank you very much for___________(邀请)me.

4. Let me give the cat something different___________().

5. I___________()a TV play when she came.

6. Either you or I___________()a fool.

7. There___________()a concert at the theatre tonight.

8. Mary can’t use chopsticks and___________()can Jane.

9. You  have___________(一点)money, do you?

10. Mr Green taught___________(我们)English last term.

[三关写句子]

1. 在英国,最受欢迎的食品之一是鱼和炸薯条。

In England, one of the___________ ___________kinds of food is fish and chips.

2. 我喜欢什么都不加的中国茶。

I like Chinese tea___________ ___________in it.

3. 在工作日,或者我爸爸做饭,或者我妈妈做饭。

___________my father ___________my mother ___________dinner ________ weekdays.

4. 你和我都没错。

___________you ___________ ___________ wrong.

5. 我可以请你点菜了吗?

May I ___________ ___________ ___________now?

 

 

参考答案

[一关四选一]

1. C   题干表达的含义是“课文对你来说很容易,里面没有新单词”,表否定用littlefew, 而后面是可数名词,故选C

2. C   此处为肯定回答,rice为不可数名词,故用a little

3. B   catch a cold中的cold此处为名词,只有a bit of才可用于此词组中,构成catch a bit of a cold, 表示“得了轻微感冒”。

4. B   否定句中“也……”用either

5. A   街道的两边可用botheither来表达,但both后应跟名词复数,而either后为单数名词。

6. B   此句中主语为两本书,谓语动词为are复数,故用both

7. D   make后接动词不定式作宾语补足语时,to应省去。

8. A   不吃早餐对健康有害。

9. D   形容词修饰不定代词置于其后,又是表达肯定意思,故选something new

10. A   从对方的回答来看两种饮料都未采纳,而是另要了茶。表达两者都不要,应用neither

[二关写单词]

1. to like   2. laugh   3. asking/inviting   4. to eat   5. was watching 6. am   7. will be   8. neither   9. little   10. us

[三关写句子]

1. most popular   2. without anything   3. Either, or, cooks, on   4. Neither, nor, am   5. take your order

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