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被动语态学习的一些注意事项

 许愿真 2014-05-19

被动语态学习的一些注意事项

在中学英语中,有两种语态。一是主动语态,二是被动语态。在学习被动语态时要注意下列几个方面:

一、两种语态之间的转换。

含有直接宾语和间接宾语时,一般把指的间接宾语变为主语,指的直接宾语保留不动。例如:

He gave me a dictionary.→I was given a dictionary by him.(宾语me变为主语后要改成主格I

如果要将直接宾语(物)改成主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定的。例如:

Mother bought us a big present.→A big present was bought for us by mother.

He showed me he ticket.→The ticket was showed to me by him.

常见的能接双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的词有:giveshowbringlendsend等,这些词与介词to 搭配。还有buymakedraw等,这些词与介词for 搭配。

含有宾语补足语的句子,宾语变为主语后,宾语补足语改为主语补足语,原来的位置一般不变。但如果宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,句子变成被动语态后则要加to 以便将两个动词隔开。例如:

We keep food cold in the fridge.→Food is kept cold in the fridge.

I saw him go into the room.→He was seen to go into the room.

除了单一的及物动词可以用于被动语态外,一些相当于及物动词的动词短语也可用于被动语态,使用时将整个短语看成一个动词。例如:

Someone turned off the light→The light was turned off by someone

We can look after your brother→Your brother can be looked after by us

二、在英语中,常常可以用动词的主动形式来表示在逻辑上似乎应该用被动语态表示的概念,还有一些在汉语上看来要用被动形式表示的意思,而在英语中却用主动形式来表示的。表示感觉动词(同时也是连系动词)(sound smell taste feel look)后面接形容词做表语,形式上是主动的,意思上表示被动。例如:

 His conclusion certainly sounded reasonable.

The dish smells good.

少数动词如doowe(欠),look print的进行时有时有被动的意思。例如:

The meat is cooking.

The book is printing.

有些动词如washsellwritesayopen等作不及物动词用时,常用主动形式表被动。例如:

This kind of cloth washes very well.

The book sells well.

不定式在形容词difficulteasyhardinterestingpleasantnicefitheavycomfortable等后面作状语时,常用主动形式表达被动的含义。例如:

The water is not fit to drink.

The chair is comfortable to sit in.

不定式作定语时,如果句子的主语或宾语是不定式的逻辑主语,不定式用主动形式表被动。例如:I have something important to do.

Needrequirewant等作需要解时,其后的宾语常用动名词的主动形式表达被动的含义。例如:

The matter wants thinking over. (The matter wants to be thought over.)

These young trees will require to be looked after. (These young trees will require to be looked after.)

作定语用的不定式如果与其修饰的名词或代词有动宾关系,还与句子的主语或间接宾语有主谓关系,这时不定式常用主动式表示被动意义。例如:

We have nothing to worry about.

She lent me some books to read.

“There is sthto do ”句型中, to do 作为 something 的定语常用主动形式表达被动的含义(也可用被动式)。例如:

There is no time to lose. (There is no time to be lost.)

There is a lot to say about this book. (There is a lot to be said about this book.)

Worth 作形容词用时,作表语,后面一般接动名词的主动形式表达被动的含义。

This picture is not worth looking at.

This article is well worth reading.

三、被动语态与系表结构的区别。

“be +过去分词不一定都是被动结构,有时它可能是系表结构,在句中作表语。例如:The cup is broken.(说明状态,系表结构)

The cup is broken by my sister.(有动作执行者,是被动语态)

The cup was broken this morning.(有动作发生的时间,是被动语态)

如果过去分词主要是表示主语的特征或状态,它的特征更多地表现为形容词而不是动词了,这时时态多用一般现在时。例如:

The street is crowded

The mountain is covered with snow

有些过去分词相当于形容词,这些词可用very 来修饰。例如:

The cinema was very crowded last night

I am very surprised

还保留动词特征的过去分词不能用very 修饰,但可以用wellgreatly 等修饰。例如:The work is well done

He is well known to us all

Medicine was badly needed at that time

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