高考英语书面表达的应试策略与技术

高考英语书面表达的应试策略与技术

邓 北 平

英语书面表达的写作形式，表面看上去是写信，写日记等应用文体，但实际的要求却是完全不同的东西。通过对近年全国卷和地方卷中书面表达试题的分析研究，
我们认为用叙事性质、陈说性质、议论性质和混合性质（陈说+议论性质或叙事+议论性质）等概念来表述高考书面表达的这种特殊现象更科学、更规范。书面表达并不是实质意义上的作文，而只是口语表达的书面形式！

这也就是说高考英语书面表达并非实质性作文，它无需修辞，无需发散，无需升华，无需动情，一言以蔽之，它仅具有作文的三个最原始的要求：切题，达意，逻辑。有些试题由于编制得过于谨慎，使得作文的控制性过大以至于如同翻译，因而难度也随着降低。但是对于北京试题和上海试题而言情况则有所不同，因为他们对写作文体的要求略高于全国题和其他省市试题，权当地方特色。

就高考英语全国卷和地方卷而言，书面表达试题的地位举足轻重，无论就其赋分还是实际难度，对于考生，可能是他们心中“永远的痛”，特别是想获高分，往往更觉不可企及。根据我们对高考英语的深入而全面的研究，可以坦言：书面表达不足畏！

一、书面表达的语汇准备
任何一篇文章都离不开篇章纽带的起承转合。尤其是高考英语书面表达，尽管它不属于真正意义上的作文，但作文的基本要素却是不能缺乏的。因此，高分的关键和作文的出彩在于过渡词(transitional words)恰到好处的运用。牢记并自如地运用过渡词是每一位考生决胜高考的法宝。以下是书面表达中常用连词分类举例。

▲举例:
for example, for instance, take…for example, such as, like，
and so on，so on and so forth, and so on and on and on, etc.等。

▲说明:
that’s to say，in other words，namely,等。

▲因果：
so，for，therefore，as a result，thus，because，because of, thanks to…，owing to…, due to ……等。

▲递进:
then，besides，in addition, furthermore，moreover, what’s more等。

▲顺序:
firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally；in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly
to begin with, then, furthermore, finally；to start with, next, in addition, finally；
first and foremost, besides, last but not least；most important of all, moreover, finally（以上为时间顺序）

in the front of，in front of …，
before, behind, at the back of, on the right/left(of)，to the right /left of…，on the other side of …，in the center of …，in the middle of …，at the beginning of , at the end of …，by the side of …，on the top of …，at the foot of …，on the bottom of, inside，outside, upstairs, downstairs（以上为空间顺序）

▲转折:
nevertheless, however, although, though, but，on the country，after all, oppositely等。

▲总结:
in short, in a word, in general, generally speaking, finally，at last，as far as I know，in brief，
briefly speaking, in the end, as a matter of fact, in reality, in fact, on the whole, in conclusion, on account of this, therefore等。

▲强调:
really, indeed，certainly，surely，for sure, above all等。

▲对比:
in the same way，just as，
in common with, compared with, on the one hand…on the other hand,
for one thing… for another，similarly等。

▲平行：
and，both…and…，as well as，as well，neither…nor…or，either…or…，not only…but also…等。

二、书面表达的常考常用句型
在实际的英语写作中，我们应该掌握一些常用的句型以便在实战中发挥作用。高考英语书面表达的句式基本上都是简单句，就是复合句也大都是极普通的常用句式或句型。先讨论简单句的使用情况。所谓简单句式在英语中无非是三种基本句型及其扩充。

一类是S.+V.+O.式，例如,
①I like English and computer best. （NMET1996）
②I started school from 1984 to 1990. (NMET1996)

二类是S.+V.+Adv.式，例如，
① My parents live in the country. (NMET1993)
②The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle. (NMET1997)

三类是S.+V.+Pre. 例如，
①My name is Li Hua. (NMET1996)
②The playground is now in front of the school. (NMET1999)
③It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8，2000. (NMET2000)
下面我们主要分析一下书面表达中部分复合句式，惯用句型与套语以及惯用结构等。 高考英语书面表达中的复合句式多为带时间状语从句的复合句和带宾语从句的复合句，其他如强调句型、带定语从句的复合句、带主语从句的复合句、 条件句、让步或转折的句式等, 也是常见常用常考的复合句形式。有些复合句式几乎年年都考。复合句虽可化简，但就一篇文章而言，若全是简单句，无一复合句或难句起采，难见考生功力，得高分就不容易了。所以，该用复合句或难句表现的，而且自信没什么问题，就应大胆写出来, 考生切记。

1. 带时间状语从句的复合句
①Before we knew it, we had to say good-bye to the workers. (NMET1998)
②In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load.
(NMET2001)
③As we got into a forest, we lost out way.(北京2002)
④It’s also possible a pickpocket stole your money while you were shopping. （2004北京卷）
⑤When I was about to play football, I saw mom washing clothes for me. (2004重庆卷)
⑥By the time mom came back, I had finished the work. (2004重庆卷)
⑦Soon after I started, a friend came and invited me to play football with him.(2004重庆卷)
⑧As the snatcher was running past him, the old man quickly picked up his umbrella and put it
between the snatcher’s legs. (2004辽宁卷)

这类时间状语从句不仅考得频繁，而且连词when, while, as, before, after甚至by the time都考到了，时态上现在时、过去时、过去进行时和过去完成时等都出现了。而且有些年份带时间状语从句的复合句还同时出现多次。因此我们建议广大考生应加强训练这类复合句，在高考中尽量少犯错误。

2. 带宾语从句的复合句
①I think this is a good chance for you to show your singing talent, and how well
you’ve learned Chinese. (NMET2004, I)
②I’m sure we’ll have a wonderful time and enjoy each other’s company.(NMET2004, II)
③I am so sorry that I won’t be able to attend the lecture on American history tomorrow
afternoon. (NMET2004, III)
④I wonder if it is possible for the talk to be recorded, and if so, could I borrow the tape?
(NMET2004, III)
⑤I’m so pleased to learn that you and your classmates are learning Chinese.
(2004浙江卷)
⑥Please let me know if you want me to buy these dictionaries. (2004浙江卷)
⑦Some of them think that English learning should start from childhood. （2004湖北卷）
⑧I would also think that the growth population should be brought under control so that we’ll have a better hometown in future. （2004江苏卷）

3. 带定语从句的复合句
①The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street, which is not far from Jianxin Chinese School. (NMET2003)
②If there is anything I can do for you, I would be more than glad to help. (NMET2004, I)
③People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. (NMET2002)
④As is shown on Chart 2, only 10% of the time is taken up with sports activities. （2004北京卷）
⑤So the missing money still must be in the other jacket, the one you were wearing yesterday!
（2004北京卷）

4. 其他
▲强调句型 It was our brave Ah Fu who had saved my little sister. (NMET1993)
▲带主语从句的复合句
①Here is how you can find us. (NMET1995)
②On the other side, where the playground used to be now stands another new
building—our library. (NMET1999)
▲so that句型：
①I became so impatient that I had to go to explain my difficulty. (2004广东卷)
②I am so sorry that I won’t be able to …. tomorrow afternoon. (NMET2004, III)
③I would also think that the growth population should be brought under control so that we’ll have a better hometown in future. （2004江苏卷）
④The noise was so loud that I couldn’t go on studying. (2004广东卷)
▲让步或转折：
①It was hard for me, but I felt it a pleasure to be able to share housework with mom.
(2004重庆卷)
②I don’t know about others， but I used to have to work even at weekends doing homework and attending classes as well. (NMET2001)
③Although the city is modern and convenient, there are still some problems, such as air pollution, crowdedness and noise. (2004湖南卷)
④I know the school will organize a lot of things for you to do in the morning, but in the afternoon, I’ll show you around and take you to some places of interest. (NMET2004, II)
▲条件句：
①If they study Chinese pinyin and English at the same time, it will be very easy for them to mix them up.（2004湖北卷）
②If you would like to try, you’ ll have to go to the TV station to sign up before the end of June.
(NMET2004, I)
③If there is anything I can do for you, I would be more than glad to help. (NMET2004, I)

三．书面表达开头和结尾的写作

1．书面表达的开头
俗话说万事开头难。其实，一点也不难。高考英语书面表达的开头句一般已为你写好。你要做的是分段缩进重起第二段。注意千万不要接着已写好的首句。一是不美观，二是不便于阅卷老师细览。那么你的起头句实际上是第二段了。开始句根据要求一般可以写的漂亮一点，即要用一些好的套语开始。比如：⑧⑧
①Opinions are divided on the question. (NMET2002)
②Chart 1 shows the daily average amount of time the students of the school spend on different
after-class activities. （2004北京卷）
③As is shown on Chart 2, only 10% of the time is taken up with sports activities.（2004北京卷）
④Although the city is modern and convenient, there are still some problems, such as air pollution, crowdedness and noise.（2004湖南卷）
⑤My parents and I are very pleased to have you with us.(2004全国卷I)
⑥I am so sorry that I won’t be able to attend the lecture on American history tomorrow afternoon. (2004全国卷III)

可是很多考生总在开头处写的不尽如人意，总喜欢搞一些生造的句子或词语来开头，这是一大忌。有些开头可以以套语开始，或以俗语开始比较有力，这样就容易被老师看好。档位在开始时就已定得很高了。现以2004湖北卷书面表达试题的开始句为例看考生的千奇百怪的错误：
①Some students agreed start learning English from childhood.
②Some students think: we should learn English from childhood. Because of we have a good memory in childhood.
③Some students considered it’s useless to slart learning English from childhood.
④One group thought its necessary to start learning English from child.
⑤In some students opinion, we shall start learning English from childhood.
⑥Some of students considered that children at their ages had a good memory…

2．书面表达的结尾：⑦⑧
结尾在书面表达的写作中占有很重要的地位，通常结尾都要算一个内容要求，所以，写好结尾且让阅卷老师有一个完整的印象是十分必要的。好的结尾可以是一段，由一句或几句话组成，能使全文增色。例如：
①If there is anything I can do for you, I would be more than glad to help.（ 2004全国卷I）
②It would mean a great deal to me to listen to the tape and learn what is covered in the talk.
（2004全国卷III）
③What’s more, some statues of famous people will be set up to encourage us to work harder. Don’t you think it a wonderful program? （2004福建卷）
④Please let me know if you want me to buy these dictionaries. （2004浙江卷）
⑤By the time mom came back, I had finished the work. Mom praised me, and I felt proud too.
（2004重庆卷）
⑥In short, the students have not arrived at any agreement yet.（2004湖北卷）

但是，在实际的操作中，许多考生却不知如何来结尾，原本一、两句话或极少的表达就可很圆满地完成写作任务，往往又旁生枝节，写上一些废话，甚至错话，结果因表达不当又被扣分。以2004年湖北卷书面表达试题考生的错误为例，可以看出很多考生是吃力不讨好的。结尾中主要的错误体现在不必要的累赘和废话上面：
▲结尾的枝节（不必要的累赘）
①In a word, the discussion is broken..
②In my opinion, the students should enjoy free, sunshine, flowers, the walks in the beauty of the countryside not except the studying.
③Though they have two different kinds of opinions about this discussion, but they are very friendly in this discussion.
▲废话
①The discuss meeting didn’t again a same result.
②What do you think, can you tell me.
③The discussion didn’t get a conclusion. What’s your opinion?

四．书面表达的写作过程
书面表达并非作文，只是“书面”的“表达”而已，因此只须说清楚写清楚就行。考生必须明白书面表达应有四道“工序”，即：审题、草稿、誊正和核对。

1. 审题要多心
高考书面表达试题一般会以图画、图表、提纲、文字叙述等形式出现，但不管是什么形式，第一要求就是弄清题目的意图，宁可多话点时间在审题上，也总比看错题答跑题强百倍。然后就是要确定要点内容，理出写作的顺序，规划段落内容的分配，全文的大致逻辑框架，关联词的选用，套语与常规句型的选用。应该在心中有一个大致的汉语架构，若能建立英语的写作架构则为上佳。

2.草稿要细心
在整个草稿的写作过程中，应该不时地观察内容要点，以防漏掉要点，即使是草稿也要一丝不苟认真地书写，这不仅是习惯，而且在誊正过程中还会减少错误。时间顺序是否得当？空间顺序是否得体？时态语态是否一致？关联词的与全文的逻辑关系是否清楚？开头句与结尾部分写的得如何？有否低级错误等等？

3.誊正要小心
誊正在某种意义上讲还有修改、润色的意思，因此，它并不是单纯的和机械地抄录草稿，有鉴于此，我们就应该特别地小心，认真的将每一句话誊正并不断在心中掂量，以求达到完美的写作要求。另外，对于大词的选用既要大胆，又要准确生动传神，否则就失去了写难句和用大词的意义。尽管我们并不太主张遍地是难句和较高级词汇，但我们也决不愿意看到完全不用好句子来表达好的思想的文章。

4. 核对要耐心 　
作文的核对与起草同样重要，甚至更应引起考生的关注，稍一粗心即会导致大错而失分。核对的内容应包括以下几点：
（1）名词问题：数、格、形式、是否需要冠词、代词等。
（2）动词问题：时态、语态、语气
（3）一致：主谓、人称、数
（4）形容词副词的等级形式，介词搭配
（5）句子完整与否？（是否有漏词、多词、缺主语或谓语等现象）
（6）有无生造的词组或句型？遣词达意与否？是否得体？

5.书面表达的写作规范
字:字体一致; 字色为签字笔的黑色; 字迹工整少用连笔; 字形占格子的三分之二大小,忌写在格子的线条上。
分段: 最好三段,至少两段。不接着给出行写,另外起段,缩进两格,不可顶格分段。
版面: 整洁、爽目。忌超格，污记，涂黑等。若必须更改，可将错词括起来，再于其上更正。若为十行格，可写满，每行十一词左右。若十二行格，亦可写满，每行十词左右。
篇章纽带: 使用必要的篇章纽带可使文章看起来读起来更象英文，避免汉味的生硬和粗糙。