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动词的-ing形式 1、 概述 动词的-ing形式包括了传统语法中所说的动名词(gerund)和现在分词(present participle)。所有行为动词都有-ing形式。情态动词和助动词（除be，have外）没有动名词形式。动词的-ing形式仍保留有动词的许多特征，可以有自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语。动词的-ing形式连同其后面的宾语或状语，一起构成了动词的-ing形式短语。同时动词的-ing形式词又具有名词、形容词、副词的特性，可以在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语等成分。 2、动词的-ing形式时态与语态 动词的-ing形式有主动和被动两种语态，也有一般式、完成式和完成进行式之分，它们是以谓语动词发生的时间为依据的。现以write为例列表如下：
（1）动词的-ing形式时态 ①一般式 一般式所表示的动作或状态与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态几乎同时发生或发生在谓语动词之后。 I enjoy learning English.我喜欢学英语。 My wife hates smoking.我妻了憎恨抽烟。 I saw them playing under a big tree.看见他们正在大树下玩。（同时） Working hard，you'll be successful.努力工作你就会成功。（稍前） We met an accident, causing the delay.我们遇到了车祸，所以晚了。（稍后） ②完成式 完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 She didn't remember having met him before. 她不记得从前见过他了。 Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. 没有收到回信，他决定再写一封。 Having finished my work, I sat down to have a rest. 完成了工作之后，我坐下来休息。 Having been there many times, I know the city very much.我去过那儿多次，所以我很了解该市。 ③完成进行式 完成进行式表示其动作在谓动词之前己经开始，一直持续到谓语动词发生时为止，且有可能仍在继续的动作。 I was satisfied for his having been looking after me day and night.他日夜照料我，我很满意。 Forgive me for my having been troubling you.原谅我打扰了你。 （2）动词的-ing形式的语态 动词的-ing形式有主动和被动两种形式，主动式通常表示它的逻辑主语是其动作的执行者；被动式通常表示逻辑主语是动作的承受者时。 ①主动语态 Walking in the street yesterday afternoon, he came across Mr. Smith.昨天他在大街上散步时遇到了史密斯先生。 His often coming late made his boss very angry.他经常迟到使他的老板很恼火。 ②被动语态 动词的-ing形式的被动语态分为一般式和完成式两种。一般式(being done)表示一个被动动作正在进行，或与谓语动词的动作同时发生；完成式(having been done)表示一个被动动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。 He has always insisted on his being called Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner.他坚持让人家叫他特纳博士而不是特纳先生。 Do you mind Jam’s being left alone at home? 让詹姆自己在家你介意吗？ While shopping, people sometimes can't help being persuaded into buying something they don't really need.买东西时，人们有时情不自禁的被说服买一些他们确实不需要的东西。 I noticed the boy being beaten by his mother.我注意到那男孩挨他母亲的打。 Having been cheated many times, she now believes in nobody. 由于多次受骗，所以她现在对任何人都不信任。 ③-动词的-ing形式主动式表被动含义 a. 在形容词worth之后的动名词，用主动形式表达被动含义。 ---What do you think of the book? 你认为这本书怎么样？ ---Oh, excellent. It’s worth reading a second time. 奥，很好。值得再读一次。 The film is well worth reading.这部电影很值得看。 b. 在动词want, need, require后跟动名词的主动形式表达被动含义，当然这几个动词也可以跟不定式的被动形式去表达此意。二者无任何区别。 This sentence needs improving.= This sentence needs to be improved.这个句子需要改。 The room requires cleaning. =The room requires to be cleaned.房间需要打扫了。 My hair wants cutting. = My hair wants to be cut.我的头发需要理了。 巧记使用动词的-ing形式的主动和被动 一、作定语时，根据被修饰的名词是动词的-ing形式动作的执行者还是承受者来确定主动和被动，从而确定使用现在分词或过去分词。 1. Crusoe lit a fire and took from it a burning stick. 2. They seemed to be eating something cooked on the fire. 二、作状语时，则根据句子主语是动词的-ing形式动作的执行者还是承受者确定主动还是被动。 1. Holding his head high,he walked past the pole and the soldiers as if they didn't exist. 2. The teacher entered the classroom, followed by his students. 三、作表语时，也是根据主语是动词的-ing形式动作的执行者还是承受者来确定。 1. The story sounds moving. 2. I was deeply moved when I saw the film. 四、作宾语补足语时，根据该宾语是动词的-ing形式动作的执行者还是承受者来确定。 1．在及物动词的复合宾语中： ①I saw her opening the door. ②I saw the door opened. 2．在动词have后的复合宾语中： ①The two men had their light burning all night long. ②I had my bike repaired yesterday. 3．在介词with后的复合宾语中: ①The picture only came out like a white circle with three black spots showing for a mouth and eyes. ②He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 五、在独立主格结构中，应根据该主格名词或代词来确定。 1. Spring coming on,the trees turned green. 2.The signal given ,the bus started. 3、动词-ing形式的否定式 动词-ing形式的否定是在动名词前加not。 I'm sorry for not finishing my task on time.对不起没有准时完成任务。 ---I must apologize for not letting you know ahead of time. 对不起没有提前通知你。 ---That’s all right. 没关系。 Not knowing his telephone number, she had some difficulty getting in touch with Bill. 因为不知道比尔的电话号码，她和他联系遇到了困难。 4、动词-ing形式的复合结构 动词-ing形式的复合结构是由名词所有格或形容词性物主代词加动词-ing构成。名词所有格或形容词性物主代词是动名词的逻辑主语。 I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon. 你今天下午给我打电话我很感激。 Tom insisted on my coming to the party.汤姆坚持让我参加晚会。 What worried the child most was his not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital.最让那个孩子担心的是不让他到医院看她妈妈。 We are looking forward to the doctor's coming to see her.我们都盼着医生来给她看病。 注意：在口语或非正式代体中，如果-ing形式的复合结构作宾语，可用名词的所有格或普通格，也可用代词宾格或形容词性物主代词；如果作主语，就只能用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。 I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. 我不能想象皮特五天内横渡大西洋。 How about the two of us taking a walk down the garden? 我们俩在公园散步怎么样？ Your going there will help a lot.你到那里对事情将大有帮助。 5、动词的-ing形式的句法功能 （1）动词的-ing形式作主语 Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old.散步是一种老幼皆宜的锻炼形式。 Once your business becomes international, flying constantly will be part of your life.一旦你的生意走向国际市场，经常飞就成了你生活的一部分。 Writing headlines in English is not an easy job.用英语写标题不是一件容易的工作。 动词的-ing形式作主语时，为了平衡句子结构，也可用it作形式主语而把动名词置后。在use, good, pity, bore, time, fun, hard, funny, nice, odd, worth, difficult, worthwhile, interesting, tiring, better, enjoyable, pointless, crazy, terrible等名词或形容词作表语时，可用it作形式主语，把作主语的-ing形式倒置。 It's more difficult writing headlines in English than in Chinese.用英代比用汉语写标题更难。 It is important controlling costs at a newspaper.控制报纸的费用是重要的。 It is pleasant working with you. 跟你在一起工作是令人愉快的。 注意：there is no + 动名词为常见的结构，相当于It is impossible to do sth. There is no getting along with him.简直无法和他相处。 There is no persuading her.无法劝说他。 （2）动词的-ing形式作宾语 ①作动词宾语 We enjoy swimming very much because it is good to our health.我们非常喜欢游泳，因为游泳对身体有好处。 He admitted taking the watch.他承认拿了手表。 只跟动词的-ing作宾语的动词有：admit（承认）,advise(见一)， appreciate（感谢）,avoid（避免），consider（考虑），delay（推迟），deny (否认)，dislike （不喜欢），enjoy（喜爱），escape（逃脱），excuse(原谅)，fancy(想象)，finish（完成），forgive(原谅，宽恕), imagine（想象），keep (on)（保持），mind（介意），miss（错过），practise（练习），risk(冒险)，suggest（建议），give up（放弃），can't help（禁不住），cannot stand（不能容忍）等。 Have you considered looking for one special friend?你是否考虑过找一位挚友。 He disliked fighting in any form.他不喜欢任何形式的打架斗殴。 ②作介词宾语。 He studied ways of keeping seeds.他研究了种子的保存方法。 She was very interested in working for our company.她对为我们公司工作很感兴趣。 I do not feel like going to work today.今天我不想去上班。 She looks forward every spring to walking in the flower-lined garden. 每年春天她盼望着在鲜花郁郁的公园里散步。 （3）动词的-ing形式作表语 ①说明主语的内容，表语和主语可以互换位置，相当于不定式。 Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 Our duty is teaching the students. =Teaching the students is our duty.=Our duty is to teach the students. 我们的任务是教学生。 Her job was looking after the children.她的工作是照看孩子。 ②说明主语的性质或特征。 The music is exciting. 这首音乐令人兴奋。 The film is very moving and exciting.这部电影很动人很使人振奋。 （4）动词的-ing形式作定语 ①动词的-ing形式作定语说明所修饰中心词的用途，表示“供作……之用”(used for)的意思。 No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.阅览室不准大声喧哗。 This is a shop dealing with walking sticks.这是一家出售手杖的商店。 ②动词的-ing形式作定语说明所修饰中心词的性质，表示“……的”意思。 Do you know the boy lying under the big tree?你认识那个躺在树下的男孩吗？ When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door reading “Sorry to miss you; will call later.” 我回家时看到门上别着一个纸条上面写着：“很遗憾没有见到你，以后再来拜访。” 注意：动词的-ing形式作定语的分词如果是单个词，一般放在它所修饰的名词之前；如果是分词短语，则放在它所修饰的名词之后，相当于一个定语从句，可以相互转化。 Two days later I received a letter offering me the job =which offered me the job.两天后我收到同意给我这份工作的来信。 The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.= The boy who is standing there is a classmate of mine.站在那儿的那个男孩是我的一个同学。 （5）动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语或主语补足语 动词的-ing形式一般在感觉、感官动词和使役、致使役动词后作宾语补足语表示正在进行的主动意义。这样的句子由主动语态变为被动语态时，其中的宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。。 ①感觉、感官动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语，这类动词有find，feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice，observe，see，smell，watch等。 His father saw him sitting on some eggs.他父亲看见他坐在鸡蛋上面。 The missing boys were last seen playing near the river. 最后找到那个丢失的男孩时，他正在河边玩耍。 Seeing the sun rising above the surface of the sea, we let out a shout of joy.看到太阳从海平面上升起，我们欢呼雀跃。 A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen. 如果发现厨师在厨房里抽烟，他会被立即解雇 ②使役、致使役动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语，这类动词有catch, get，have, leave，set，start, keep等。 He tried to start the machine running. 他试图使机器开动起来。 She had the light burning all night long .她让灯亮了一夜。 （6）动词的-ing形式作状语 动词的-ing形式作状语时，用来进一步说明谓语动词的动作，或者说明整个句子所表达的概念，其逻辑主语通常应与句子的主语一致，即句子的主语就是动词的-ing形式这一动作的执行者。在意义上可表示时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果、目的、让步等，这时它相当于一个状语从句。它的位置比较灵活，可以置于句首、句中或句尾，有时用逗号分开，有时也不用。一般用作时间、原因、条件状语时，这些短语通常位于句子的句首；当用作方式、结果、伴随状语时，通常位于句末。 ①作时间状语时相当于when或while引导的从句。若两个动作同时发生，可在分词前用when或while表示强调。如果表示强调或-ing的动作紧接着谓语动词动作之后发生，动词的-ing形式应放句尾；如果表示强调或-ing的动作发生在着谓语动词动作之前，动词的-ing形式应放句首。 Having finished their work, they had a rest.完成了工作之后，他们休息。 Having suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. 河流已经遭受如此严重的污染，现在要想清理也许太晚了。 The secretary worked late into the night, preparing a long speech for the president.那位秘书工作到深夜位老总准备一篇很长的讲稿。 比较：on doing sth. 与in doing sth之区别 on doing sth相当于as soon as 引导的从句，强调瞬间动作；in doing sth相当于when,whlie引导的从句，强调连续缓慢的动作。 On entering the room, she found the man lying dead on the floor.她一走进房间，就发现那个男人死在地板上了。 In doing the work, he met a lot of difficulties.在做这项工作的过程中，他遇到了很多困难。 ②作原因状语时相当于as, since, because引导的从句。这类状语多方在前半部。 Being ill(=Because she was ill),she went home.由于病了，她回家了。 Not knowing what to do, he turned to the teacher for help.不知道该怎样做，他去向老师求助。 ③作方式、伴随状语时不能用状语从句替换，但可以改成并列句。 “Can’t you read?”Mary said, angrily pointing to the notice.= Mary angrily pointed to the notice and said“Can’t you read?”“你不识字？”玛丽生气地指着那个公告说。 She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.= She sat at the desk and read a newspaper.她坐在桌边读报纸。 ④作条件状语时相当于if, unless引导的从句。常见的词由supposing, considering等。这类状语多方在前半部。 Working hard(=If you work hard)，you'll succeed.努力工作，你会成功的。 Turning to the right(=If you turn to the right), you will find a path leading to his cottage.向左转你会找到通往他的茅舍的小路。 ⑤作结果状语时相当于so, so that等引导的从句。这类状语常放在后半部。 She died, leaving nothing but debts. 她死了，除了债什么也没留下。 European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world. 踢欧式足球在80个国家盛行，这使它成为世界上最流行的体育运动。 ⑥作让步状语时相当于though, even if等引导的从句。这类状语多方在前半部。 Weighing 50 kilograms(=Though it weighed 50 kilograms, the suitcase was carried away by him only.虽然这箱子重50千克，但他独自搬走了。 Admitting what she said(Although I admitted what she said, I still think she hasn’t tried her best.尽管承认她说的话，我仍然认为她没尽最大努力。 ⑦动词的-ing形式作状语时前面有时可以用一个连词表示强调或出于表达需要。常用的连词有：when, while, after, before, if, though, whether, unless, as if 等。 Whether sleeping or waking, he was not at ease.不管睡着还是醒着，他心都不安。 Though being ill, he would not take a rest.虽然病了，但他仍不愿休息。 6、动词的-ing形式构成的独立主格结构 （1）名词(代词)+动词的-ing形式 名词(代词)+动词的-ing形式作状语。它一般位于句首，在这种结构中，前面的名词或代词是动词的-ing的逻辑主语，即动作的执行者，它表示主动意义。可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。 Mary coming back, they discussed it together.玛丽回来后，他们一起讨论那件事。 Weather permitting, we shall go there on foot.天气允许的话，我们将步行前往。 The moon having risen, they took a walk in the field.月亮升起后，他们在田野里散步。 The clock striking eight，they began working.时钟敲了八响，他们开始了工作。 The weather being fine, we went for a walk.由于天气好，我们出去散步了。 （2）There + being 结构 这种结构多放在句首，其中being不可省略。 There being nothing to do, we played games.没有什么可做，我们玩起了游戏。 [本文由爱学啦http://www.整理发布,版权归原作者所有。] |
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