V-ing

V-ing  I

-ing形式既可用作动名词也可用作现在分词，可以作主语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语和状语等。下面重点讲一下其作定语和宾语补足语的用法。

一、-ing形式作定语

单个V-ing作定语时，放在被修饰词之前；V-ing短语作定语时，放在被修饰词之后，通常有以下两种意义：1. 表示动作 (主动的动作)，2. 表示用途。如：

The man standing by the window is our teacher.

Many frightened people rushed out of the burning building.

There is a swimming pool in our school.

I bought a writing desk this morning.

点拨：V-ing有一般式和完成式，且有主动形式和被动形式。当句子的主语是V-ing动作的承受者时，V-ing用被动形式。如：

The building being built now will be finished next month.

二、-ing形式作宾语补足语

感官动词如see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe及find等+ sb + doing sth，表示动作正在发生或处于一种状态中。如：

We heard the children shouting upstairs. 我们听见孩子们在楼上叫喊。

I felt my heart beating violently. 我感觉到我的心在猛烈地跳动。

I won’t have you running about in the room. 我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。

We kept the fire burning all night long. 我们让火整夜烧着。

注意: 如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常用不定式，而不用V-ing形式。如：

I saw him enter the room, sit down and light a cigarette. 我看见他走进房间，坐了下来，点了一根烟。

    即学即练

  1. Peter received a letter just now _____ his grand-ma would come to see him soon.

       A. said                   B. says         C. saying          D. to say

  2. My sister, an inexperienced rider, was found sitting on the bicycle _____ to balance it.

       A. having tried           B. to try        C. trying            D. tried   

  3. Those naughty boys were caught _____  flowers in the garden again.

       A. to steal                  B. stealing       C. to have stolen    D. having stolen

  4. —Who gave you this message?

       —A man _____  himself Mr. Zhang.

       A. called                    B. is called      C. calls            D. calling

 

V-ing II

上个单元我们学习了-ing形式作定语和宾语补足语的用法，这个单元重点讲一下其作主语、表语和宾语的用法。

一、-ing形式作主语

1. -ing形式直接作主语。如：

Learning is the most important thing for a student. 学习对学生来说是最重要的事情。

2. it作形式主语，真正的主语-ing形式放在句末。如：　

It’s a waste of time arguing about it. 争论这事是浪费时间。

It is worth trying. 试一下是值得的。

注意：-ing作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。如：

Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。　　

此处Reading aloud的逻辑主语泛指任何人，因而无需表明。如果作主语的-ing形式需要说明逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或名词所有格，即名词后加’s。如：

His father’s falling ill worried him greatly. 他父亲生病使他很着急。　　

二、-ing形式作表语

1. 表示主语的内容。如：

Her job is keeping the room clean. 她的工作是使这个房间保持干净。

2. 表示主语具有的特征，此时-ing相当于一个形容词。如：

The problem is quite confusing. 这个问题很令人困惑。

三、-ing形式作宾语

-ing形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。如：

They prefer spending their summer vacation in Dalian. 他们更喜欢在大连过暑假。

After a cup of coffee, he went on writing the letter. 喝了一杯咖啡后，他继续写信。

 

即时练习：用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空

  1. Her work is __________ (look) after  children.

  2. The news was so ___________ (surprise) that I thought it was a joke.

  3. I am looking forward to ___________ (see) you again.

  4. It’s no use ___________ (try) to fool me.

  5. ___________ (lose) her new bicycle made Mary so upset.

  6. Tom’s ___________ (attend) the party made his friends very happy.

  7. The rule here forbids ___________ (smoke) in the office, so you must go to the smoking room if you want to have a cigarette.

 

Key: 1. looking 2. surprising 3. seeing 4. trying  5. Losing  6. attending  7. smoking   Key: 1-4 CCBD

V-ing III

V-ing形式可以作状语，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。V-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。

1. 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。如：

Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination. (= After we have made full preparations)我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。

2. 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 如：

Being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday. (= Since he was ill)由于生病，他昨天没有去上学。

3. 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。 如：

His father died, leaving him a lot of money. （= and left him a lot of money.）他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。

4. 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 如：

Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.（=If you work hard at your lessons）如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。

5. 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。如：

Knowing all of it, they made me pay for the damage. (= Although they knew all of it) 尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。

6. 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。如：

He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. 他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。

注意： V-ing形式作状语，其逻辑主语一般须与句子的主语一致，当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主语。如：

Time permitting, I will finish another lesson.

点拨：V-ing有一般式和完成式。一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作；完成式（having +过去分词）表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如：

Being a student, he was interested in books.

He hurried home, looking behind him as he went.

Having studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the place very well.

Having finished my homework, I went to watch TV.

即时练习

  1. _____ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed.

     A. Seeing              B. To see              C. See                D. Seen

  2. _____ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.

     A. Fail                  B. Failed            C. To fail               D. Having failed

  3. _____ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.

     A. To walk.           B. Walking          C. Walked         D. Having walked

  4. _____ that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.

     A. Not realized       B. Not to realize   C. Not realizing     D. Not to have realized

                                                 Key: 1-4 ADBC