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动名词,分词和动词不定式[续]

 2008y8m 2011-08-21

(7)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别。

  A.分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的。例:

  They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)

  They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边,为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)

  B.分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因。例:

  Reading attentively, he forgot the time for lunch.由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)

Reading carefully, he found something he had not known before.

他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)

  Reading carefully, you’ll learn something new.只要你仔细阅读,你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)

  His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。(结果)

  The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.这男孩个子不够高,手伸不到书架。(结果)

We are glad to hear the news.我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)

C.下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的:
a:not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义
b:做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
c:不定式做状语时,其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则用for引导主语。

(六)非谓语动词常考的其他结构

  (1)疑问词+不定式结构。

  疑问词who, what, which, when, where ,和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如:

  When to start has not been decided.何时动身尚未决定。(主语)

  I don’t know what to do.我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)

  The difficulty was how to cross the river.困难在于如何过河。(表语)

I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。(双重宾语)

〈注〉a.有时疑问词前可用介词,如:

     I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。

    b.动词know后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语,只能跟疑问词(如:how, what)+不定式。如:

While still a young boy, Bizet knew how to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.

(2)介词except和but作“只有…,只能…”讲时跟不定式结构(but与不带to的不定式连用)。
When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but get your shoes wet.
(3)不带to的不定式
1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有:
feel 觉得 observe 注意到,看到 overhear听到
watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉,感知
notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听
On seeing the young child fell into the lake,Eric sprang to his feet,and went on the rescue.
2)另一类是某些使役动词,如make, let,have等。如:
Let him do it.让他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。
(注):
①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时.其后的不定式一般需带to,如:
He was seen to come.
The boy was made to go to bed early.
②在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to,如:
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season.他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏,感到惊讶。
3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except),cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but结构中。

例如: Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上,我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。

John will do anything but work on a farm.除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干。
There was nothing for them to do but remain silent.除了保持沉默以外,他们没有别的办法。

但是,如果but/except前面的句子中不含某种形式的实义动词do,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带to。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.医生除了让他戒烟,其它什么都没有说。
(4)不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构
1)不定式的逻辑主语为:for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如:
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。
(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面,常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如:
It was wise of him to do that.他那样做是明智的。
2)动名词的逻辑主语为;①人称代词的所有格+动名词;②名词’s+动名词。例如:
Tom insisted on my going with them.他坚持要我和他们一起去。
He dislikes his wife’s working late.他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。
3)某些形容词,如:careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有:absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等
It is very kind of you to help me.你帮助我太好了。
间或也可用for + there to be表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是to be)。
It’s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。

  (2)动词不定式的几个重要时态。

  A.不定式的完成式。

  动词不定式的完成式常在动词appear, happen, pretend, seem等之后体现它所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。但在be, wish, intend, mean, plan, hope, expect, should或would like等动词之后,则表示没有实现的行为。例如:

  I am sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起让你久等了。

  She seemed to have forgotten her promise.她似乎把她所答应的事给忘了。

  He pretended to have read the book.他假装读过这本书。

  He planned to have gone abroad.他原计划出国(但他没有去)。

  I hoped to have seen her.我原希望会见到她的(可是我没见到她)。

  I would like to have had your help.我本想得到你的帮助(实际上我却没有得到)。

  The enemy expected to have found him.敌人本来指望找到他(实际上却没有找到)。

  I intended to have finished my work last night.我本想昨晚完成作业。

  We were to have sailed next morning.我们本定于第二天早上启航。

  而在acknowledge,believe,consider,find,know,report,say,suppose,think,understand等动词之后跟不定式的完成式时,这些谓语动词用被动语态形式。

  The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday.

  Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes.

  B.不定式进行式和完成进行式。

  不定式进行式表示其主要谓语动词所代表的动作(情况)发生时,不定式所表示的动作正在发生;不定式完成进行式表示其动词所代表的动作,在主要谓语动词所代表的动作之前一直在进行。如:

  When he came in, I happened to be doing my experiment in the lab.当他进来时,我刚好正在实验室做实验。

  Why do you stand here? You are supposed to be working in the lab.为什么你站在这儿?现在你应该正在实验室工作。

The students are said to have been investigating the possibility of producing the new product.

据说学生们一直在调查生产新产品的可能性。

They are quite happy to have been cooperating harmoniously with us till now.

他们非常高兴一直和我们愉快地合作到现在。

  但是,如果谓语动词不是“do nothing, anything, everything”,那么but (except)所跟的不定式则仍须带“to”。例如:

  The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.医生除了让他戒烟,其他什么都没有说。

  There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外,他们没有别的办法。

  (4)不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构

  A.不定式的逻辑主语为:for+名词(或代词宾格)+不定式。例如:

  I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.我发现他一个人干这活是不可能的。

  〈注〉在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面,常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如:

  It was wise of him to do that.他那样做是明智的。

  B.动名词的逻辑主语为:①人称代词的所有格+动名词;②名词’s+动名词。例如:

  Tom insisted on my going with them.汤姆坚持要我和他们一起去。

  He dislikes his wife’s working late.他不喜欢他妻子工作到很晚。

  C.某些形容词,如:careless, clever, considerate, foolish, good, impolite, kind, naughty, nice, silly, stupid等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。

  It is very kind of you to help me.你帮助我太好了。

  间或也可用for+there to be表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是to be)。

  It’s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。

(七)非谓语动词中的有关句型

  (1)动名词作主语的句型。

  A. Doing...+v.,例:

  Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。

  Seeing is believing.眼见为实。

  B. It is+no use,no good(fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.,例:

  It is no use crying.哭没有用。

  It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。

  It is a great fun playing football.踢足球很有趣。

  It is a waste of time trying to explain.设法解释是浪费时间。

  C. It is+useless (nice, good, interesting, expensive等形容词)+doing sth.,例:

  It is useless speaking.光说没用。

  It is nice seeing you again.真高兴又遇到了你。

  It is good playing chess after supper.晚饭后弈棋挺好。

  It is expensive running this car.开这种小车是浪费。

  D. There is no+doing...(there is no表示“不可能”),例:

  There is no telling what he is going to do.说出他要干什么是不可能的。

  There is no saying what may happen.说出将要发生什么是不可能的。

  E. There is no use (good)+doing sth.做某事没用(不好)。例:

  There is no use crying over spilt milk.牛奶洒了,哭也无用。

  F. have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doing

  have作“有”解时,后接情感名词(in可省略),再接动名词。这类词还有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time.

  例如:We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan.我们执行计划有困难。

  G. feel like+名词/动名词 感觉像要…;想要…=would like to+动词原形,例:

  I feel like a newborn baby.我感觉像一个新生的婴儿。

  Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看电影吗?

  I don’t feel like studying tonight.今晚我不想读书。

H. spend/waste time doing sth.

They spent a lot of time (in) making preparations.他们花了许多时间作准备。

  I.在require后只能用动名词,不能用不定式,尽管表示被动的意思也要用动名词的主动形式。

This problem requires studying with great care.这个问题需要仔细研究。

J. cannot help doing sth. 忍不住(做什么)
I cannot help laughing, once I see john in that big trouser.

  (2)有关分词句型。

  A.在表示感觉和心理状态的动词see, hear, feel, smell, listen(to), notice, observe, smell, watch这类表示感觉的动词之后常跟“宾语+现在分词”的复合结构,这种动词与分词之间的宾语可以是普通名词或专有名词(人名等),也可以是代词宾格(him, us等)。例如:

  She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising.

  她闻到有东西在燃烧并看到有烟升起来了。

  I watched them rehearsing the play.我看他们排演戏。

  I could feel the wind blowing on my face.我能感觉到风在我脸上吹过。

  B.表示“致使”等意义的动词,如:catch, find, leave, give, have, get, set后也可跟上述(1)的结构,有时也可跟过去分词结构。例如:

  I caught them stealing my apples.他们偷我的苹果,被我当场抓获。

  If she catches me reading her diary, she’ll be furious.

  如果她抓住我偷看她的日记,她会很生气的。

  We found him waiting to receive us.我们发现他正等着接待我们。

  C. go+现在分词表示“从事……”之意,这时现在分词做主语补语。go之后所接现在分词,均表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动。如:jogging慢跑,fishing钓鱼,dancing跳舞,skating溜冰,bowling打保龄球,shopping购物,sightseeing游览,camping露营。

  I’ll go camping tomorrow.我明天去露营。

  I’ll go shopping.我去商店。

  Would you like to go skating with me?你想和我去溜冰吗?

  D. be busy +v.ing(现在分词)忙着做……,例:

  I am busy writing my thesis.我正忙着写论文。

  His assistant is busy (in) correcting papers.他的助教忙于批阅考卷。

  或者be busy with+n.忙着做某事。

  He is busy with his work.他忙着工作。

   E. What do you say to+ing分词?(……怎么样?)

What do you say to joining us for dinner?和我们一起进餐,你看怎么样?

(3)there be的非谓语形式。

there be非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语。

A.作动词宾语时,通常用there to be结构,而不用there being。能这样用的及物动词为:expect, like, mean, intend, want, prefer, hate等,如:

We don’t want there to be any comrades lagging behind.我们不希望有任何同志掉队。

They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他们不愿意处处都要排长队。

We have no objection to there being a meeting here.我们并不反对在这里开会。

B.作状语多用there being结构,但若置于介词之后,for用there to be整个介词短语作程度状语,其他多半用there being。例:

There being nobody else at hand, I had to do it by myself.由于附近没有人,我只得独自干了。(原因状语)

It’s too early for there to be anybody up.太早了,还不会有人起床。(作程度状语)

There having been no rain for a long time, the ground was very dry.

因为好长时间没下雨了,地面非常干燥。(原因状语)

C.作主语时两种结构都可以,但如是用for引导则要用there to be。例:

It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young.

老人与年轻人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。

There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers.

幼儿园在校园内对女教师十分方便。   

D.作定语。there be结构作定语时,定语从句中谓语为there be, there之前的关系代词常常省略。例:

This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanking. 这是到南京的最快一班车。

I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people.

我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事。

 

现在分词和动名词的区别

动名词和现在分词都是由v+ing构成,在句中都能作表语和定语,而且都保留着动词的一些特征,有其完成式和被动态。那么v+ing形式到底是现在分词还是动名词呢?下面有五种区别方法:
(1)如果v+ing形式与被修饰名词逻辑上是主谓关系,就是现在分词,它相当于定语从句;如果逻辑上没有主谓关系,则是动名词,它可以用介词for加上这个动名词来代替,该介词短语应放在被修饰名词之后。例如:
1)a moving blackboard正在移动的黑板(moving:现在分词,a moving blackboard=a blackboard which is moving)
2)a walking tractor手扶拖拉机(walking:现在分词,a walking tractor=a tractor which is walking)
(2)如果v+ing形式是说明主语怎么样,表示的是主语的形状、特征的是现在分词,现在分词起着形容词和副词的作用,在句中作宾补和状语,一般用how提问,后不带宾语,但可用very,so,quite等词修饰,也可用more和most分别构成比较级和最高级。如果v+ing形式是说明主语是什么,即主语的具体内容,强调主语的行为、功能和用途的则为动名词。动名词起着名词的作用,在句中作主语和宾语,一般用what提问,也可用状语来修饰,但不能用程度副词very,much等修饰。例如:
1)The news is very exciting.(exciting:现在分词)
2)Laying eggs is her full-time job.(laying:动名词)
(3)动名词作表语,和主语间可以划等号,甚至可以交换位置。如上述例句2)可改写成:Her full-time job is layingeggs.而现在分词充当表语,不能同主语划等号,因此不能同主语换位置。例句1)不能改写成:Exciting is the news.
(4)v+ing前有冠词、物主代词、名词所有格或指示代词的是动名词;用来构成复合形容词的v+ing形式和独立主格结构中所用的v+ing形式的是现在分词。例如:
1)His coming was unexpected.(coming:动名词)
2)The Chinese are brave and hard-working.(working:现在分词)
(5)朗读时,如果v+ing形式与它修饰的名词均有句子重音的为现在分词;如果v+ing有句子重音,被它修饰的名词没有句子重音的则为动名词。

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