|
非谓语动词作主语
表示经常性，常用动名词作主语，
表示某一次，常用动词不定式作主语，
有时为了对称，主语，宾语（或表语）要么都用不定时，要么都用动名词
Seeing is believe. To see is to believe.
动名词的完成式一般不做主语（动名词表示一个事）
It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. ____the answers ready will be of great help.
A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having（B为什么不行）
It was ____ computer games that cost the boy a lot of time that he ought to have spent on his lessons.（D为什么不行？）
A. to have played B. playing C. played D. having played
________ the homework made his father lose his temper. （但复合结构可以）
A. The boy’s not having done B. The boy not having done
C. The boy’s having not done D. The boy having not done
what在问句中作主语时，常用动名词短语来回答
What made your brother so delighted?
___ for his progress.
A. His teacher praised him B. His being praised by his teacher
C. His teacher having praised him D. He was praised by his teacher
B
非谓语动词作宾语
动词不定式和动名词都可作宾语
有些动词只能跟不定式作宾语
这类及物动词常见的有：
agree (同意) , ask (请、要) , attempt (试图) , afford 付得起agree 同意ask 要求apply 申请care (想要) , choose (决定、要) , decide (决定) , desire (希望) , determine (决心) , help 帮助expect (期望) , fail (未能) , hope (希望) , intend (打算) , learn (学习) , manage (设法) , offer (愿意) , plan (计划、打算) , pretend (假装) , refuse (拒绝、谢绝) , wish (希望)等等promise 答应want 想要wish 希望
有些动词只能跟动名词作宾语
下列动词习惯上可接动名词作宾语，但不能接不定式作宾语：
admit 承认advise 建议allow 允许appreciate 感激avoid 避免consider 考虑delay 推迟deny 否认discuss 讨论dislike 不喜欢enjoy 喜爱escape 逃脱excuse 原谅fancy 设想finish 完成forbid 禁止forgive 原谅give up 放弃imagine 想像keep 保持 mention 提及mind 介意miss 没赶上pardon 原谅permit 允许practise 练习prevent 阻止?摇prohibit 禁止put off 推迟report 报告risk 冒险stop 停止suggest 建议understand 理解feel like想做某事
有些动词即可跟不定式也可跟动名词，但意思上有差别
forget ，remember跟动名词作宾语，记得还是忘了以前做的事。跟不定式，还未作
mean to do, 打算作某事；mean doing, 意味着
try to do , 尽力作某事；try doing, 尝试着作某事
want / need/ require doing sth, 表示被动；
regret doing sth. 对做过的某事表示后悔；regret to say, 很抱歉的说
like hate doing, 经常性的，like/ hate to do, 特定的某一次
be/get used to doing 习惯于做某事，used to do 过去经常做某事be used to do被用来做
can’t help doing=can’t help but do 忍不住做某事can’t help ( to) do 不能帮助做某事
stop doing 停止正在做着的某事；stop to do停下来做别的事情
go on doing继续做原来做的事 go on to do接着干别的事情
forbid/allow doing something; forbid/ allow somebody to do something
except, but后跟不定式时，如果前面有实意动词do的形式，不用to, 否则要带to
There is nothing to do except ___ till it stops snows. C
A. to wait B. waiting C. wait D. waits
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）
非谓语动词作表语
1.表示将来某一次时常用动词不定式作表语，表示经常性性时常用动名词作表语
( 表示某一次，如果主语中有do时，不定式省略to)
2. 动名词作表语同进行时的区别
动名词作表语时是说明主语的职责和功能等，和主语是对等关系，没有正在进行之意， 而现在分词有正在进行之意
如：My job is looking after the children. (looking 为动名词)
He is looking after the baby. (looking 为现在分词)
3现在分词和过去分词作表语时相当于-ed形容词和-ing形容词。
-ing 形容词，令人。。。的；-ed形容词，令人感到。。。的，有被动意味。
动词短语
be/get used to doing 习惯于做某事，used to do 过去经常做某事 be used to do被用来做
can’t help doing=can’t help but do 忍不住做某事 can’t help ( to) do 不能帮助做某事
stop doing 停止正在做着的某事； stop to do停下来做别的事情
go on doing继续做原来做的事 go on to do接着干别的事情
forbid/allow doing something; forbid/ allow somebody to do something
非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较
1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语
a. 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。 动词ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。如：
________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk
(分析) a good form 暗示泛指一般的行为，用动名词作主语，选 B
b. 不定式作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，即用句型：It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth.
It’s important for us to learn English well.
It’s kind of you to help us.
注意：下面几个句型是用动名词：
It’s no good / use doing sth.
It’s useless doing sth.
There is no need to do sth.
2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较
a、不定式、动名词作表语，.表示主语的内容。如：
My job is teaching / to teach English. (teaching / to teach English 是my job的内容)
Knowing who we are means knowing what we like to do. （主表语要用同一种形式）
b、分词作表语
记住：一些表示情感、情绪的动词，常用分词形式作表语。现在分词表示主语的性质特征，用过去分词表示主语的状态。常用动词：surprise (使某人吃惊)， surprising (令人吃惊)， surprised (主语)感到吃惊）类似动词有：excite (激动)，astonish (惊奇)，shock (震惊)，scare (惊恐)， disappoint (失望)，move （感动），
如：The movie is exciting. We are excited at the news.
c、在seem / appear (似乎，好像)， prove / turn out (被证明是)， remain (仍然是，尚待)等连系动词后，可用不定式作表语。如： He seemed (to be ) very happy.
Having a trip abroad is good for the old couple, but it remains ______ whether they will enjoy it. (to be seen)
不定式、动名词作宾语的比较
1、只能接不定式的动词：
a.（想要）want, would like, would prefer, ask, demand, intend, desire,
b.(希望) wish, hope, expect,
c.（决定）agree, decide, manage, promise, choose, continue, plan, prepare, make up one’s mind, try one’s best, offer, apply,
d.happen, learn, fail, pretend, refuse, afford
2、只能接动名词的动词：
suggest, advise(建议), finish, mind(介意)，enjoy (喜欢)，appreciate (鉴赏，感激)，forbid禁止），avoid (避免)，can’t help doing (忍不住)，risk (冒险)，feel like (想要)，delay, put off （推迟），give up (放弃)，be busy (忙于)，be worth (值得)，practise (反复练习)，
3、接不定式和接动名词意义不同的动词：
remember to do 记得去做， remember doing 记得做过 forget to do 忘记去做， forget doing 忘记做过了, regret to do 遗憾去做，regret doing 后悔做过, try to do 设法去做，try doing 试着做, go on to do 接着做另一件事，go on doing 继续做同一件事,
mean to do 打算做，mean doing 意味着做, stop to do 停下来去做，stop doing 停止做,cant help (to) do 不能帮助做，can’t help doing 忍不住做。
如：In some parts of London, missing a bus means ____ for another hour.
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting A
4、表示未实现的愿望的动词, 即表示本打算、想做，但事实上没做
这些动词 plan, intend, mean, want, hope, wish, expect , 用 had planned to do sth. / planned to have done 来表示。Would like / love 只用would like to have done
如：I would love _____ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish the report.
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone B
5、要接动名词的几个句型
prevent / stop / keep sb. / sth from doing …(阻止…做)
spend / waste time / money in doing sth. 在…花费或浪费时间或钱
how about / what about doing
have some difficulty / trouble / problems in doing 在做… 有困难
have a hard / good time in doing 做… 很艰难或做…很愉快
There is no sense / point in doing
6、含介词to 的短语
look forward to 盼望，devote…to 致力于、献身于，be / get used to 习惯于， lead to 导致，get down to 着手做，pay attention to 注意，refer to 谈到，所指，参考，equal to 等于，能胜任，belong to 属于
如：Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to ___ some school for poor children.
A. set up B. setting up C. have set up D. having set up
7、介词but （除了）后接不定式：
如：have no choice but to do sth. 没有别的选择 只好做…
但当but 前有形为动词 do 时，but 后的不定式省to. 如：
Sandy could do nothing but ____ to his teacher that he was wrong.
A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit A
8．permit / allow (允许)，advise (建议)，forbid (禁止)，有两种用法：一是后接动名词，二是后接“sb. + to do sth”
9、need, want, require 意为“需要”，主语是物时，用句型：
need, want, require + doing （用动词ing 主动形式表被动意义）
to be done
不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的比较
1、不定式作宾语补足语，如：ask sb to do sth (sb作宾语，to do sth作宾补，宾语＋宾补＝复合宾语)
类似动词有：invite, tell, want, encourage, advise, order, requir, foce, beg, cause, allow, permit, forbid（禁止）, warn（警告）, remind, teach, call on (号召)，depend on (指望)，would like / love (想要)，prefer, wish, expect, (hope 不带复合宾语) 注：help sb (to) do sth.
2、let / make / have sb do sth. 但使役动词的被动语态常用：be made to do sth.
注：get sb to do sth. 也译成“让某人做…
Though he had often made his little sister ____, today he was made ____ by his little sister.
A. cry, to cry B. crying, crying C. cry, cry D. to cry, cry
3、感官动词后作宾补的非谓语形式
感官动词：feel, see, hear, watch, notice
句型：感官动词＋sb + do / doing / done (分别表示全过程、正在发生、被动完成)
1) They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow A
2) The missing boy was last seen ____ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play A
4、with 的复合结构：with +宾+宾补。作宾补的词可以是：形容词、副词（in, out）,介词短语，非谓语形式）。With 的复合结构的宾补中的非谓语形式 to do 表示将来，doing 表示主动和进行，done表示被动和完成。
The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied D
5、have 句型：have sb do sth, have sb/ sth doing, have sb /sth done
have sth done 表示两种意义：请别人做，而不是主语做；意外事故引起的。
如：He didn’t keep on asking me the time any longer as he had had his watch ______.
A. to repair B. repaired C. repairing D. repair B
6、find + 宾语 + 宾补（doing / done）, keep +宾+doing, catch sb + doing (撞见某人在做)，smell sb +doing (察觉到某人在做)
He looked around and caught a man ____ his hand into the pocket of a passager.
A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting D
7、表示“认为”的 think, believe, consider, judge 等，常用句型：think sb (to be )+ adj. / n. , be considered to have done sth. 被认为已做了某事
8、make oneself understood / heard / known , 即用了过去分词作作宾补
9、句型 It is said / reported / thought / known that…. 可变成：sb / sth be said / reported to have done sth.
如：Robert is said ___ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying A
不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语的比较
1、不定式作目的、原因、结果状语
a.作目的状语：有三种形式，可互换：to do, in order to do, so as to do (不用于句首)
b.原因：不定式常放在表示情绪反应的形容词后。如：happy, sorry, glad, sad, surpried, disappointed. 不定式不放在句首。
如：I am sorry to hear that your father is ill.
c. 结果：常用 only to do…来表示末曾预料到或令人不快的情况，其动作发生在谓语动作之后。另外 固定结构：too… to do, enough to do, so / such… as to do 中，不定式也作结果状语。
d.在形容词后作状语，只用不定式 如：
The book is easy to read. (=It is easy to read the book.)
We find the lake safe to swim in. (注意尾介词)
2、现在分词、过去分词可作时间、条件、让步、方式、原因、结果状语，就不作目的状语。注：表示时间、条件或让步的分词，有时可带上连词（if, unless, when, while, once（一旦） though, although）
1）_____ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given D
2）I won’t attend his wedding _____ .
A. unless invited B. if invited C. unless inviting
三种非谓语形式作定语定语的比较
1、不定式作定语 常表示“用…要做”和“修饰the +序数词”。常用句型：
have / there be… / with +宾语+ to do
分析：以 I have homework to do. 为例：不定式作定语有两种关系：
a.主谓关系：I do homework
b.动宾关系：to do 与 homework 构成动宾关系
注意：以 Jack, do you have some clothes _______?
A. to wash B. to be washed 为例：
分析：（1）动宾关系：wash clothes 成立；（2）主谓关系：You wash clothes成立吗？根据句意，显然不是。这里的洗衣服是说话做，而不是句子的主语you. 所以只能用不定式的被动式，选B。
如：1）He gave me a book to read.
2）There are five pairs ____, but I’m at a loss which to choose.
A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing B
(根据语境，可知是“有五双可供选择，即从5中选1，而不是选5)
3）There are always people to ____ if you feel like a chat.
A. talk to B. talk C. speak about D. speak A
(to talk 要与people构成动宾关系，要用短语 talk to / with sb)
2、分词作定语：单个的分词作定语，放在被修饰的名词前，而分词短语常放在后面。
（1）They made efforts to bring stolen cultural relics back to China. (过去分词表被动和完成)
(2) I want to write about people addicted to drugs.
比较：
a sleeping boy (= a boy who is sleeping); a swimming pool (= a pool for swimming)
falling leaves (leaves that are falling); fallen leaves (leaves that have fallen down)
a developing country (发展中国家)；a developed country (发达国家)
3、to be done, being done, done 作定语的区别
这三个都表示被动，就是时间不同。To be done 表将来，being done 表同时进行，done表完成。注意：having been done 也表完成被动，但不用作定语。
2013年非谓语动词高考真题详解
【2013北京】24. the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.
A. Find B. Finding C. To find D. Found
2【答案】B
【解析】考查非谓语动词。此处动词find与主语she为主动关系且作原因状语，故用现在分词finding。句意：（由于）她发现该课程很难，她就决定转到低一水平的（课程）。
【2013北京】29. When we saw the road with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.
A. block B. to block C. blocking D. blocked
3【答案】D
【解析】考查非谓语动词。此处非谓语动词作宾补，动词block与see的宾语the road之间为被动关系，构成短语see sb/ sth done。故选D。
【2013福建】22. ______ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
A. Known B. Having known C. Knowing D. Being known
4【答案】C
【解析】考查非谓语动词。此句谓语为will help，因此所选非谓语动词做主语，故使用动名词，答案选C。
【2013福建】32. Anyone, once _______ positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.
A. to be tested B. being tested C. tested D. to test
5【答案】C
【解析】考查非谓语动词和状语从句的省略。状语从句连词once之后的非谓语动词与主句主语anyone之间为被动关系，故选过去分词。
【2013湖南】25. The sun began to rise in the sky, ________ the mountain in golden light.
A. bathed B. bathing C. to have bathed D. have bathed
6【答案】B
【解析】考查非谓语动词。动词bathe与主语the sun之间为主动关系，且表示进行，故选B。
【2013湖南】29. You cannot accept an opinion ________ to you unless it is based on facts.
A. offering B. to offer C. having offered D. offered
7【答案】D
【解析】考查非谓语动词。先判断此处需要填非谓语动词作opinion的后置定语；再判断opinion与动词offer间为被动关系，故答案选D。
【2013湖南】30. Every day ________ a proverb aloud several times until you have it memorized.
A. read B. reading C. to read D. reads
8【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词。分析句子，不难判断，该句为祈使句，故用动词原形，答案选A。
【2013湖南】31. ________ warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.
A. Staying B. Stayed C. To stay D. Stay
9【答案】C
【解析】考查非谓语动词。此处考查动词不定式表目的，意为：晚间，我为了保持暖和，我就把柴炉加满。故选C。
【2013江苏】24. Lionel Messi, the record for the most goals in a calendar year, is considered the most talented football player in Europe.
A. set B. setting C. to set D. having set
10【答案】D
【解析】考查非谓语动词。首先判断该句谓语为is considered，故可知横线部分为非谓语动词，描述主语Lionel Messi。短语set the record与主语之间为主动关系，故选B。
【2013江苏】31.Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and to ruins, the city took on a new look.
A. reducing B. reduced C. being reduced D. having reduced
11【答案】C
【解析】考查非谓语动词。首先判断此处是and连接的after之后的并列的动名词形式；且reduce与主语city之间为被动关系，故选C。
【2013江西】34. If _____ to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once.
A. asked B. to ask C. asking D. having asked
12【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词及状语从句的省略。状语从句连词if之后省去了从句的主语，即主句的主语；而主句为祈使句，默认主语为you；主语you与动词ask之间为被动关系，故使用过去分词。答案选A。
【2013辽宁】28. Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail ______ for her.
A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. was waiting
13【答案】C
【解析】考查非谓语动词。此题there be句型的主语mail后接后置定语，wait与mail间为主动关系，且wait这个动作正在进行，故选C，现在分词。
【2013山东】25. The room is empty except for a bookshelf _____ in one corner.
A. standing B. to stand C. stands D. stood
14【答案】A解析原创：山东省
【解析】考查非谓语动词。现在分词standing作bookshelf后置定语，表主动进行。
【2013山东】29. I stopped the car ____ a short break as I was feeling tired.
A. take B. taking C. to take D. taken
15【答案】C
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：我停下车来休息一会儿，因为我感觉累了。此处动词不定式表目的，故选C。解
【2013山东】33. ________ at the cafeteria before, Tina didn’t want to eat there again.
A. Having eaten B. To eat C. Eat D. Eating
16【答案】A解析原创：山东省
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意为：因为以前曾经在自助餐厅吃过，Tina再也不想在那儿吃了。动词eat与主语Tina之间为主动关系，再根据句中before可知需强调eat这个动作发生在主动词之前，可知用现在分词完成体Having eaten表主动完成，作原因状语。
【2013陕西】13. Let those in need that we will go all out to help them.
A. to understand B. understand C. understanding D. understood
17【答案】B
【解析】考查非谓语动词。动词let后接动词原形understand做宾补，表示与宾语those in need之间为主动关系，构成短语let sb do sth。故选B。
【2013陕西】14. The witnesses by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
A. questioned B. being questioned C. to be questioned D. having questioned
18【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词。首先判断此处需要一个非谓语动词作witnesses的后置定语；且判断动词question与witnesses间为被动关系；根据非谓语动词短语中标志词just now可知动作question已经完成。故可选A。区别：done作后置定语意为“已被…的”；being done作后置定语意为“正被…的”；to be done作后置定语意为“将被…的”。
【2013四川】8. _______ which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.
A. Not knowing B. Knowing not C. Not known D. Known not
19【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词。主语the girl与非谓语动词know之间为主动关系，故用现在分词；且非谓语动词的否定式应在其前加否定词。据此可知答案为A。此处分词Not knowing在句中作原因状语。
【2013四川】10. The airport _______ next year will help promote tourism in this area.
A. being completed B. to be completed C. completed D. having been completed
20【答案】B
【解析】考查非谓语动词。先判断出此处需要填上一个非谓语动词作the airport的后置定语；根据标志词next year及句意“明年将竣工的机场”可知非谓语动词表示将来动作，故选动词不定式to be done（将被做）；而A项being done“正在被…”；C项“已被”；D项常作状语。
【2013天津】10. In some languages, 100 words make up half of all words in daily conversations.
A. using B. to use C. having used D. used
21【答案】D
【解析】考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词use在句中作words的后置定语，与其存在被动关系，故使用过去分词used，答案为D。
【2013新课标II卷】5.I got to the office earlier that day, the 7:30 train from Paddington
A. caught B. to have caught C. to catch D. having caught
22【答案】D
【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据句意，因为我赶上了7:30的车，所以那天我更早地到了办公室，可知赶车发生在到办公室之前，且与主语I之间为主动关系，故使用现在分词完成体表主动完成。
【2013新课标I卷】22.They might just have a place ______on the writing course一why don't you give it a try?
A. leave B. left C. leaving D. to leave
23【答案】D
【解析】考查非谓语动词。固定短语have sth to do。
【2013新课标I卷】35. The sunlight is white and blinding, hard-edged shadows on the ground.
A. throwing B. being thrown C. to throw D. to be thrown
24【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词。主语sunlight与throw shadows之间为主动关系，故选A。
【2013浙江】7. ______how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.
A. Hearing B. Hear C. Having heard D. To be hearing
25【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词。需辨明句子结构：句子谓语为creates，之前为主语，因此可以判断是非谓语动词作主语，故选动名词做主语。
【2013浙江】19. There are some health problems that, when ______ in time, can become bigger ones later on.
A. not treated B. not being treated C. not to be treated D. not have been treated
26【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词及状语从句的省略。连词when之后为状语从句的省略，非谓语动词treat的逻辑主语即为主句主语health problems，判断它们之间的关系为被动关系，即用过去分词即可。而being done意为“正在被…”；to be done“将被…”。
【2013重庆】30. When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, me stories till I fell asleep.
A. having told B. telling C. told D. to tell
27【答案】B
【解析】考查非谓语动词。此处非谓语动词tell与主语my mother为主动关系，故用telling作伴随状语。
【2013重庆】34. The engine just won't start. Something seems wrong with it.
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
28【答案】B
【解析】考查非谓语动词。动词seem之后用不定式，排除CD项；to do表将来，to have done表完成，根据句意：引擎发不动。看起来好像出了什么毛病，可知答案为B。
【2013安徽】32. in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children’s love of art.
A. To found B. Founding C. Founded D. Having founded
29【答案】C
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句子主语the school与found之间为被动关系，故此处使用过去分词founded表被动并表完成动作。
【2013福建】32. Anyone, once _______ positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.
A. to be tested B. being tested C. tested D. to test
30【答案】C
【解析】考查非谓语动词和状语从句的省略。状语从句连词once之后的非谓语动词与主句主语anyone之间为被动关系，故选过去分词。
【2013江西】34. If _____ to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once.
A. asked B. to ask C. asking D. having asked
31【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词及状语从句的省略。状语从句连词if之后省去了从句的主语，即主句的主语；而主句为祈使句，默认主语为you；主语you与动词ask之间为被动关系，故使用过去分词。答案选A。
【2013浙江】19. There are some health problems that, when ______ in time, can become bigger ones later on.
A. not treated B. not being treated C. not to be treated D. not have been treated
32【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词及状语从句的省略。连词when之后为状语从句的省略，非谓语动词treat的逻辑主语即为主句主语health problems，判断它们之间的关系为被动关系，即用过去分词即可。而being done意为“正在被…”；to be done“将被…”。
|
