非谓语动词（不定式的用法小结）

非谓语动词（不定式的用法小结）

动词不定式用法小结

    动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式，其结构为“ to do ”，其中to不是介词，而是动词不定式的符号，称为小品词，动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。  但有时态和语态的变化。 动词不定式和其后面的名词等构成不定式短语，在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语,独立成分或与疑问词等连用 。

一、结构： to do   否定式：not to do

二、时态和语态

不定式	主动语态	被动语态
一般式	to do	to be done
进行式	to be doing	------------
完成式	to have done	to have been done
完成进行式	to have been doing	-----------

(1).They pretended not to see us. (一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/几乎/发生在它之后.)

(2). He pretended to be sleeping. (在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行)

(3).She pretended to have known it before. (完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前)

(4).We’re happy to have been working with you.

(完成进行式表示谓语动作发生之前,不定式的动作一直在进行而且可能之后也继续)

 一. 作主语  例如：   To be a doctor is hard.   做医生很难。

                      To learn English well is not easy.    学好英语不容易。

☆ 单个不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数

☆ 动词不定式（短语）作主语时，为了避免句子的头重脚轻，可以用“it”作形式主语，而把真正的主语－－动词不定式（短语）放在句子的后部。例如上面的句子可以表示为：

1) To learn English well is not easy.= It is not easy to learn English well.  

2) To use English every day is important for students. = It is important for students to use English every day.   

   

二. 作表语：( 系动词+ to do sth. )     动词不定式（短语）作表语常用于系词be的后面。例：

1) 他的工作是开车。His work is to drive a car.

2) 我的工作是饲养动物。My job is to feed animals.   

3) 她的理想是当医生。Her ambition is to be a doctor. 

三. 作宾语 ( vt. + to do )   动词不定式（短语）可以放在一些动词后面用作宾语，能以动词不定式作宾语的动词有：begin, start, want, forget, remember, show, learn, like, hate, love, ask , decide, expect, want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, mean 等等    例如： 

1）I want to tell you a story.     我想给你讲个故事。

2）They begin to work at eight every morning.    他们每天早晨8点开始工作。

3）Don’t forget to lock the door.  别忘了锁门。

4）Would you like to go and have a picnic with us tomorrow?    明天和我们一起去野餐好吗？

   

☆ 注意：  *如果and连接两个动词不定式，第二个动词不定式一般省“to”   例：

（1）He wants to go and have a swim with us.    他想和我们一起去游泳。

（2）若作宾语的动词不定式（短语）很长，可用it作形式宾语。   

☆ I find it interesting to learn English with you.    我觉得和你一起学英语很有趣。

☆ He found it hard to catch up with others.    他觉得赶上别人很困难。

四. 作宾语补足语。 可以用动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：(want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite 等等：

1. ( vt. + 宾语 + (to) do sth.  ) 例如：

The teacher asked us to read English for half an hour in the morning.   老师让我们早晨读半小时英语。
    Please let me help you.    让我来帮助你。

2. with+宾语+ to do (表示将来的动作)

With a lot of work to do, he didn’t go to the cinema.   对比：With all the work done, he went to the cinema.

☆     不定式作宾语补足语可以归纳为以下三种句式：

 1.要带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语：    tell /ask / want / would like / wish / like / invite /encourage /teach sb. to do sth.

例：The teacher told us to come earlier tomorrow.

I want you to go now.    我想让你现在就走。

Her parents wish her to be a teacher.    她父母亲希望她当老师。

 2.不 带“to”的不定式作宾语补足语：Let / make / have / see / watch / hear / notice / feel sb. do sth.

 Let the boy go out now.    让那个男孩出去。

 The boy made the baby cry.    男孩弄哭了这个小孩。

 I saw the students play basketball on the playground yesterday.    昨天我看见学生们在操场打篮球。

 3.可省可不省的：    help sb. （to）do sth.

I often help my mother（to）do housework.    我经常帮妈妈做家务。

   

☆注意： 如果将主动语态变为被动语态时，作宾语补足语的动词不定式变为主语补足语，动词不定式则不省“to”，即原来省的再加上，例：

The boy made the baby cry. = The baby was made to cry by the boy.    那个孩子被男孩弄哭了。

   

4. ☆特别注意☆：不定式用在介词but, except, besides后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do，does, doing, did, done,那么介词后的不定式不带to, 如果没有则要带to.  ( 有do无to，有 to无 do．)

(1). She could do nothing but cry.

(2). What do you like to do besides sleep.

(3). I have no choice but to go.

五. 动词不定式作定语
    动词不定式作定语常用来修饰名词或不定代词，放于所修饰的词后，为后置定语，与所修饰的词有如下关系：

1. 动宾关系：I have a meeting to attend.

2. 主谓关系（be the first/second/last… to do ）：He is always the first one to come.

 第一个到太空的中国人是杨利伟。 The first Chinese to travel in space was Yan Liwei.

3. 同位关系(说明所修饰名词的内容)：We all have a chance to go to college.

☆ 注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，要有相应的介词，

如：He found a good house to live in. 他找到了一幢很好的房子住。

Please give me a pen to write with. 请给我一支写字的笔。

☆但如果不定式修饰的是 time, place, way等就可以省略介词：如： He has no place to live.

4. something, anything, nothing, everything 等复合不定代词常用不定式作后置定语

Do you have anything to send.

六. 动词不定式作状语：

1. 作目的状语， 常用在go, come, hurry等不及物动词后，表目的。（常用的短语：in order to do, so as to do 等等： 例如：

He came here to see you.

In order to keep healthy, he often play sports.

2. 作结果状语：（常用结构：too…to; so …as to do; …enough to do; only to do; never to do.）

1) I visited him only to find him out.

2) Mike ate so much as to have a stomachache that day.

☆ 注意：too…to 是否定的，表示太…而不能…, 但是，当too前面有only, all, but 时， 意思是非常… 相当于very,是肯定的。

例如： I am only too pleased to be able to help you 能帮助你我非常高兴。

3. 作原因状语：（sb. + be/ feel +adj/adv + to do. ）例如：   They are very sad to hear the bad news.

4. 表示程度   The question is easy for him to answer.

七. 不定式和疑问词连用，可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语等。例：

The problem is where to get a computer. （表语）
    No one knows how to do it.    没有人知道如何做这件事。（宾）

When and where to have the party is not known. （主语）    何时何地举行联欢还不知道。
   

☆     *不定式和疑问词连用作宾语时有时可以改为宾语从句。例：

    I don’t know what to do next.    = I don’t know what I should do next.  我不知下一步该做什么？

八. 独立结构： 常用的短语：to start/begin with,  to be honest/frank/exact,  to make things worse/ to be short/ to make a long story short, to tell the truth。。。

巩固练习

(    )1. He asked me ________ here earlier.    A. come         B. to come             C. coming             D. came

(    )2. Please tell him _______ on the wall.    A. don’t draw        B. to not draw        C. not to draw              D. not draw

(    )3. He wanted ________ a cup of tea.    A. to have              B. having        C. have          D. had

(    )4. I’d like ________ a word with you.    A. had            B. having        C. to have              D. have

(    )5. I came here _______ my uncle.    A. saw           B. to see         C. seeing        D. to be seen

(    )6. The man refused ________ back his words.    A. to take              B. taking         C. took           D. takes

(    )7. I can let you ________ one ticket.    A. to have              B. have           C. having        D. had

(    )8. We often heard him _________ in his room.   A. to sing              B. sings          C. sang          D. sing

(    )9. He was made ________ day and night.    A. work         B. working            C. to work             D. worked

(    )10. He stopped ______ a look, but saw nothing.    A. having        B. to have              C. have          D. had

(    )11. My father was too angry _________ a word.   

A. to say        B. not to say          C. to saying           D. didn’t say

(    )12. My brother was old enough ________ to school.    A. went          B. goes           C. going         D. to go

(    )13. It is time ________ him ________ supper.   

A. of, to have         B. for, to have        C. of, having          D. for, to has

(    )14. It’s very kind _______ you ______ me.    A. of, to help         B. for, to help     C. of, help    D. of, helping

(    )15. It’s important _________ our classroom clean every day.

       A. kept           B. to keep              C. to give              D. keep

(    )16. Before liberation （解放）they had no chance _______ to school.

       A. went          B. go              C. to go          D. to be gone

(    )17. He said he had an important meeting ________.   

A. attend        B. would attend         C. attending     D. to attend

(    )18. Please give me a piece of paper ________.    A. to write       B. to write on     C. writing      D. to write it
(    )19. I don’t know _______.    A. what do            B. what will do              C. what to do         D. do what
(    )20. Your radio needs ________.    A. to be repaired     B. to repair            C. repaired             D. to repairing

(    )21. My wish is ________ a teacher.    A. becoming          B. to become         C. become             D. became

(    )22. I want ________ him a letter now.    A. to write             B. not write           C. write          D. wrote

(    )23. It took us three days _________ the trees.    A. plant          B. planted              C. to plant             D. plants

(    )24. Why not ________ here _______ me?   

A. to come, to see      B. come, to see       C. came, seeing       D. come, see

(    )25. He wishes me ______ my best _________ hard at English.
      A. to do, to work      B. doing, working      C. to do, working     D. do, work

(    )26. Please tell me ________ her. I have something _______ her.

A. where to find, telling         B. where to find, to tell    C. where can find, to tell        D. where finding, telling

(    )27. How happy they are ______ each other again!    A. to see         B. see             C. saw           D. being seen

(    )28. They decided _______ a letter ______ their thanks.

        A. to write, expressing    B. writing, express    C. write, expressed    D. to write, to express

(    )29. The officer ordered （命令）him _______ down _________ a rest.

       A. lying, have    B. to lie, to have     C. to lie, having     D. lie, had

(    )30. The headmaster called on （号召）us ______ hard for our country.   

A. to work             B. worked             C. work         D. to working

二. 根据上句意思完成下句，使两句意思相近或相同，每空一词。
    1. He was so angry that he couldn’t say anything.  = He was too angry ____________ ____________ anything.
    2. I don’t know when we will have the meeting.  = I don’t know when _____________ _____________ the meeting.
    3. He said he would write a letter.       =He said he would have a letter _______________ ________________.
    4. That you read English in the morning is very important.

       =It is very important ___________ you ___________ _____________ English in the morning.
    5. He was so strong that he could lift the stone.        =He was strong __________ ___________ ___________ the stone.
    6. His father went to Beijingfor his holiday.       =His father went toBeijing_____________ ____________ his holiday.
    7. They got up early so that they could get there in time.
       =They got up early ___________ ____________ _____________ ____________ there in time.
    8. His brother decided that he would buy the book.     =  His brother decided ___________ _____________ the book.
    9. He hopes that he can visit the Great Wall.      = He hopes ___________ _____________ the Great Wall.
    10.I saw him go into the room.    =   He was seen ___________ ____________ into the room.
一.    1. B   2. C 3. A   4. C  5. B   6. A  7. B   8. D  9. C 10. B  11. A 12. D 13. B   14. A 15. B  16. C  17. D 

18. B  19. C   20. A   21. B  22. A   23. C  24. B  25. A   26. B 27. A   28. D  29. B   30. A

二. 1. to say 2. to have    3. to write 4. for, to, read 5. enough, to lift 6. to spend 7. in, order, to, get 8. to buy  9. to visit  10. to go   

高考原题：

一“ 结果状语： 通常和 only 连用

1.The news reporters hurried to the airport,  only  to be told   (tell) the film stars had left. （2004福建） 

2.(广东卷) He hurried to the station only   to fine    (find) that the train had left. 

二：目的状语：既可句首也可句中

1.（上海卷）It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just   to have    (have) a look at the sports stars. 

2.（浙江卷）    To find out    more about university courses, call [phone].

A．To find out   B．Finding out  

C．Find out       D．Having found out

３. All these gifts must be mailed immediately   C    in time for Christmas.

A．in order to have received   B．in order to receive　C．so as to be received  D．so as to be receiving

４. Helen had to shout   D   above the sound of the music.  (NMET 2013)

     A. making herself hear  B. to make herself hear  C. making herself heard   D. to make herself heard

三：宾补

He was observed   to slip    (slip) into the house and help himself to what he liked before the owner came back.

四：疑问词＋不定式作宾语： 常用疑问词加不定式作宾语的及物动词有：advise, decide, discuss, find out, forget, know, show, teach, tell. 例如：

I've worked with children before, so I know what   to expect    ( expect)in my new job. (NMET 2000)  

五、不定式各种形式的区别用法

1. The flu is believed   to be caused   (cause) by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. （2004上海）

2. (江苏卷) ---- Is Bob still performing?

     ---- I'm afraid not. He is said  to have left    (leave) the stage already as he has become an official.

用动词不定式的正确形式填空:

1. She wishes   to go    back to her motherland. (go)

2. The witness refused ___to be photograghed__ ___. (photograph)

3.I hate    to be lying / to be    in bed while other students are having class. (lie)

4.I’m glad   to have received      your letter. (receive)

5. I’m ready __to shave / to be shaved_____________.(shave)

6. Hawking’s book is said   to have been translated        into some 40 languages. (translate)

7. I would like   to have gone   to the party last night but I had to work extra hours. (go )

8. The conference   to be held   next week is very important. (hold)

9. He pretended   to be studying         when his mother came in. (study )

10. She looked so tired. She seemed   to have had     a sleepless night. (have)

        现在分词，过去分词和不定式的区别：     

一、不定式和动名词做宾语的区别：

⑴.下列动词常用不定式作宾语：

aim ,ask, dare ,appear, arrange ,demand, help, hesitate, pay, plan, wait, fail, seek, prepare, happen, mean, prove, expect, wish, hope, decide, refuse, offer, learn, agree, choose, promise, pretend, manage, care, determine, afford等。

   如：He offered to help us .

(2)下列动词通常用~ing形式作宾语：

v      admit, report, appreciate, deny, explain, mention, resist, stand, stop, imagine, recall, suggest, mind, finish, enjoy, keep, practice, miss, avoid, delay, excuse, escape, consider, advise等。

如   ：1）Would you mind my smoking here ? 

       2）The girl was told to practice playing the piano for three hours every day．

3）Tina suggested spending the weekend on her farm．

(3)下列动词接不定式与接~ing形式意义相近：

v      like，love, hate, dislike, begin, start, prefer，continue, intend，attempt等.

v      但也有细微区别：*指具体某次的行为常用不定式，指惯常的行为常用~ing形式.

v      如：I like reading books of this kind．(惯常行为)

v          I hate to say so，but really I can't go with you．(具体某次行为)

(4)下列动词接不定式与接~ing形式意义不同：

v      ①stop to do  停下(正在做的事)去做另一件事 / stop doing  停下正在做的事

e.g.：Seeing an old man carrying a big bag, I stopped to help him．

     Hearing the bell ,the students stopped playing and ran into the classroom．

v      ②forget to do忘记做某事(此事未做)/ forget doing忘记曾做过某事(此事已做)

    He forgot to post the letter when he walked past the post office．

   I'll never forget seeing him for the first time．

v      ③remember to do记得要做某事(此事未做)/ remember doing记得某事已做过(此事已做)

e.g.：I remember seeing her once somewhere．

     You must remember to take your umbrella when you leave home．

v      ④go on to do继续做另一件事 go on  doing接着做同一件事

e.g. ：She stood up and shook hands with me, and then she went on writing something．

      AfterIfinishedmyhomework,1wentontoreadthenovel．

v      ⑤try to do企图／想做某事 try doing试着做某事(看看有什么后果发生)

e.g. ：We tried to persuade him to go with us, but he wouldn’t listen．

      Let's try doing the work some other way.

v      ⑥mean to do   (意思是) 打算做某事   mean doing意味着做某事

e.g. ：Revolution means librating the productive force．

Sorry ,I didn't mean to hurt you．

v      ⑦regret to do遗憾地做某事(通常后接say ,tell等动词)/ regret doing后悔做了某事

e.g. ：I regret to tell that you didn’t pass the exam again．

He regretted having told her the bad  news．

(5) 动词如： (permit ,allow，admit，forbid，imagine，consider) advise sb to do sth\ advise doing sth

e.g. ：The doctor advised me not to go to bed too late.

      Please permit me to introduce myself to you first．

v      * 注意：

v      *在imagine／consider后通常用“to be…”作宾语补足语。to be有时可省略。

e.g.：You'd better imagine yourself (to be) in his place．

v      *在consider后，作宾补不定式主要是to be，行为动词to do则多用to have done 形式。

  如:We all considered him to have told a lie .

即时巩固练习⑴   用所给动词的to do 或~doing 形式填空：

1)Little Tom regretted   having wasted   (waste) so much time playing computer games .

2)They were expecting   to get       (get) the results of the examination.

3)Will you advise me which of them    to buy     (buy) ?

4)On the bus the young man pretended   not to see   (not see) the old woman standing beside him.

5)We all consider John  to be    (be) an honest boy.

6)Our boss forbids  chatting      (chat) during office hours .

7)The rules do not permit players    to step    (step) out of bounds.

8)The boy begged to permit him  to explain    (explain).

9)The young man imagined   living     (live) on a lonely island.

10) It was useless to forbid children   to play     (play) here.

    不定式、分词做表语的区别  

不定式：具体的，将要发生的动作

动名词：抽象的，习惯性的动作

分词：现在分词表示: 令人….的； 过去分词表示：感到….的

     不定式、分词和动名词作定语的区别：

v      动词不定式作定语通常放在被修饰的名词后面。

v      如：I have something important to tell you．

The poor children had little to eat．

它和被修饰的名词有时有动宾关系。

如：There is some books for you to read．(可看成：to read some books)

I'd like to get something to drink．(可看成：to drink something)

v      如果这这个作定语的不定式是一个不及物动词，注意不可忽略不定式短语中的副词或介词。

如：I need a pen to write with．(可看成：to write with the pen)

She now has nothing to worry about．(可看成：to worry about nothing)

二、不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语有时在时态上有区别：

v      *不定式作定语表示将来的动作。

如：The bridge  to be built  next month is the third bridge across the river．

v      *现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作。

如：The bridge  being built   now is the third bridge across the river．

v      *过去分词作定语表示已完成的动作。

如：The bridge  built  last year is the third bridge across the river．

巩固练习   用所给动词的正确形式填空：

1)The man  being questioned     (question) in the police station now is a spy．

2)A man  respecting     (respect) others will be respected．

3)she can find no one  to make     (make) friends with．

4)Is there anybody __to answer_____ (answer) the question ?

5)Half of the guests   invited       (invite) to the conference were foreigners.

6)She would be the best   to agree       (agree) the opinion ．

7)The matter   discussed     (discuss) is very important．

8)That is the way   to operate    (operate) the machine．

9)She was the professor   loved    (love) by all her students．

10)With much money   to spend      (spend)，the boy formed a bad habit．

         不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾补的区别：      

v      *现在分词作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有主动关系，强调动作在进行。

如：I saw him falling off his bike just at that moment ．  (看到他时他正从自行车上掉下来。)

    He found himself lying on the ground when he came to himself．    (他苏醒过来时正躺在地上。)

v      *不定式作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有主动关系，强调动作的过程。

如：I saw him fall off his bike and hurt his left leg．(看到他从自行车上掉下来，并且摔伤了腿。动作有先后，是全过程。)

v      *过去分词作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有被动关系。

如：I heard my name called by someone．  (我的名字被叫，my name和called是被动关系。)

即时巩固练习   用所给动词的正确形式填空：

1)I meant to buy an evening paper, but I didn't see anyone   selling    (sell) them.

2)I know that    to be     (be) a fact.

3)Paul doesn't have to be made     to learn    (learn). He always work hard.

4)The patient was warned    not to eat     (not eat) after the examine.

5)Just now I saw a man   walking      (walk) in the street, with a little girl   seated    (seat) on his shoulder．

6)The lady loved to have her luggage   weigh     (weigh).

7 )Who did the teacher have   clean     (clean) the blackboard just now?

8)Businesses are beginning   to develop     (develop) new methods of reaching customers.

9)The thief was caught   stealing      (steal) goods in the supermarket again ．

10)---What happened to Mr. White early this morning ?

---Oh，he was seen   knocked     (knock) down and the driver   drove     (drive) away．

       不定式和现在分词作状语的区别：          

   不定式作状语表示：原因，结果，目的；       分词作状语表示：原因，结果，时间，伴随情况

v      (1)不定式和分词表示原因时的区别：

v       *不定式表示原因通常跟在某些表示感情的形容词后，用来说明产生这种感情的原因。

如：I was so excited to hear the news．(不定式to hear the news表示激动的原因。) ．

We were surprised to see such great changes in that village．(不定式to see such great changes in that village表示惊讶的原因。)

v       *分词表示原因时，它相当于一个原因状语从句。

如：Being a monitor, she takes lead in everything ．  (Being a monitor=As she was a monitor)

Knowing some English, he offered to be an interviewer for us.  (Knowing some English= As he knew some English)

v      (2)不定式和分词表示结果时的区别：

v          *不定式表示结果，含有没有预料到的情况的意味。

如：I got up only to find it was raining outside ．(起来时没有料到在下雨。)

He was too excited to say a word ． (太激动了说不出话，是没有预料到的情况。)

v      *分词表示结果包含着一种必然发生的情况。

如：His parents died，leaving him a lot of money．(父母去世，钱留给儿子。这是自然的事。)

The output of iron decreased by 23％last year, reaching 80，000 tons．  (产量下降，到了80，000吨，这是必然结果。)

即时巩固练习

1)--Why was the official meeting called?  --   To select      (select) new officers．

2)  To get     (get) back my story, he refused the invitation．

3) The beautiful girl tried to kill herself only   to be saved       (save)．

4)When   faced        (face)with a strong enemy, they had always retreated．

5)    Worn    (wear)out after a long walk, Henry called and said he couldn't come．

6)He was said to have refused a gift from her,    knowing     (know) that it meant a bribe.

7) The president expressed his satisfaction with the co-operation,   adding      (add) that he had enjoyed his stay here ．

8)The president promised to keep all the board members  informed   (inform) of how the negotiations were going on．

9)   Having been allowed     (allow)to develop his talent, he could become an excellent artist．

10)   Having been invited      (invite)to go to camping, Paul ordered a new sleeping bag．

     不定式符号的省略   

v      (1)两个不定式并列时，后一个常省去to。   I told her to stay and wait for me to come back．

        

★★ 但表示对比关系时，要带to。  He hasn't decided to stay at school or to go home.

v      (2)在下列句型中不定式符号to常省去。

        *Why not do…?        * …would rather do…than do…     *You'd better do...

☆特别注意☆：不定式用在介词but, except, besides后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do，does, doing, did, done,那么介词后的不定式不带to, 如果没有则要带to.

(1). She could do nothing but cry.   (2). What do you like to do besides sleep.

(3). I have no choice but to go.

★★★★注意：★★★★

1. 在plan, hope, expect, would (should) like,mean等动词后的不定式的完成时表示没有实现的行为。

    I hoped to have seen her．(But I didn't see her)

    They expected to have found him in the cave．(But they failed to find him．)

2.  不定式的逻辑主语：-for\of sb +to do sth

  如：It's impossible for him to move  such a big stone ．

        The question is too hard for a little child to answer．

★★*但表示性质的adj (good，nice, kind, rude, polite, impolite, clever, wise, stupid,silly, foolish, right, wrong)等而用介词of。

  It's clever of him to do so．          It's polite of you to make room for the old man

3. 动名词的逻辑主语：-sb's +doing

  如：Little Franz's being late again for the school made the teacher very angry.

★★ *但动名词作宾语时逻辑主语可用普通格或人称代词的宾格，逻辑主语用普通格。

          I suggested him (his) going there by taxi.

综合练习：高考题

1) The flu is believed  to be caused    (cause) by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.

2) When first  introduced      (introduce) the market, these products enjoyed great success.

3) Helen had to shout   to make    (make) herself   heard      (hear) above the sound of the music.

4) When   compared     (compare) with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.

5) You were silly not   to have locked     (lock) your car.

6) Victor apologized his   not being      (not be) able to inform me of the change in the plan.

7) After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home,   exhausted      (exhaust).

9) Generally   speaking      (speak), When     taken   (take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.

10) She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role   to play     (play) in making the earth a better place   to live       (live).

11 ) Though  lacking      (lack) money, his parents managed    to send      (send) him to university.

12) -- How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?

-- The key   to solving     (solve) the problem is  to meet   (meet) the demand   made    (make) by the customers.

13) With a lot of difficult problems  to settle       (settle), the newly-elected president is having a hard time.

14)   Having suffered     (suffer) such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late  to clear     (clear) up the river.

15) Do let your mother   know      (know) all the truth?  She appears   to have been told      (tell) everything.

16)Sandycould do nothing but  admit    (admit) to his teacher that he was wrong.

17) Mr. Reed made up his mind   to devote     (devote) all he had to  setting    (set) up some schools for poor children.

18) One learns a language by   making      (make) mistakes and  correcting    (correct) them.

19) I've worked with children before, so I know what  to expect     (expect) in my new job.

20) Tony was very unhappy for   not having been invited     (not invite) to the party.

21)  Given    (give) the general state of his health, it may take him a while   to recover    (recover) from the operation.

22) There are five pairs of shoes  to choose     (choose) from, but I'm at a loss which  to buy      (buy).

23) Cleaning women in big cities usually get      paid      (pay) by the hour.

24) What worried the child most was his   not being allowed     (not allow) visit his mother in the hospital

26)   To fetch    (fetch) water before breakfast seemed to me a rule never  to be broken    (break).

27) While   shopping       (shop), people sometimes can't help    being persuaded    (persuade) into buying something they don't really need.

29) Once your business becomes international,   flying      (fly) constantly will part of your life

30) The little time we have together we try   to spend    (spend) wisely.