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高中英语语法:非谓语动词

 许愿真 2014-06-22

 

1.不定式

(l)作主语

    To go to the palace without jewellery is to say “I’m poor.”

      不戴珠宝去宫廷就是说:“我很穷。”

    To learn a foreingn language is not easy.

      学习外语不是一件容易的事。

      通常情况下,我们用it代替不定式作形式主语,而把不定式放到句子后边。其句型为:

        It is /was +形容词(或名词)+ of /for sb.to do…

    It is difficult for the students to read the book.

    学生们读这本书有点难。

    It is careless of him to break the cup.

    他太粗心,把杯子打破了。

    此句型中不定式的逻辑主语是由for引导

  还是由of引 导,取决于of或for前的形容词。如果形容词可修饰人则用of,如果形容词不能修饰人,则用for; 名词后只能用for。

    (2)作宾语

They hope to find new resources for mankind.

    他们希望为人类找到新资源。

    I didn’t dare to stop, so I ran quickly toward the school.

    我不敢停下来,所以就飞快地朝学校跑去。

不定式作宾语,只能跟在某些动词后,常见的动词有:agree, arrange, ask, choose, dare, learn, demand, expect, hope, wish, manage, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse,decide等。

    (3)作宾语补足语

    1)可以用带to的不定式作宾补的动词有:ask, tell, order, invite, beg, force, forbid,get, allow, permit, wish, want, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, command, warn, cause 等。如:

He persuaded all the world-famous pop stars to come and sing at one of these concerts for free.

他说服了所有世界著名的歌星免费参加这些音乐会中的一场演出。

    Marx was forced to leave his homeland for some political reasons. 由于一些政治原因,马克思被迫离开自己的祖国。

2)think, consider ,believe, suppose, know, feel, find, understand, declare, take这类动词的复合宾语,不定式多由“to be+形容词”构成。如:

    He doesn’t consider that to be important.

    他认为那不重要。

    They find the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful. 他们发现中国人幸福快乐。

    3)能用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的

动词有:两听,五看,一感觉。即:hear, listen to, see, watch, look, at, notice, observe, feel等。如:

    I often hear them sing this song.

    我经常听到他们唱这首歌。

    Did you notice anyone take the book away?

    你有没有注意到谁拿走了那本书?

    4)使役动词make,let,have后,用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。如:

The teacher makes us read English every day.

    老师让我们每天读英语。

    The soldiers had him stand with his back to his father. 士兵们让他背对他父亲站着。

    (4)作定语

    1)不定式作定语通常放在所修饰的名词或代词之后。如:

    Do you have anything more to say?

    你还有什么要说的吗?

    I have a lot of work to do today.

    今天我有很多事要做。

    2)作定语用的不定式为不及物动词时,不定式后应有必要的介词。如:

    There is nothing to worry about.

    没有什么可担心的。

    She has many important things to attend to.

    她有很多重要的事情要处理。

    (5)作状语

    不定式作状语,可表示目的、结果或原因。

    l)修饰动词

    He must be a fool to say such a thing.

    说这样的话,他肯定是个傻子。

Women are made to be loved ,not to be understood. 女人要被爱,而不是被理解。

    2)修饰形容词

    I am sorry to hear the news of your father’s death. 听到你父亲去世的消息我很难过。

    We were surprised to find him there.

    发现他在那儿我们感到很惊奇。

    3)修饰too或enough

    She was too young to understand all that.

    她太小不能理解这一切。

    We found the room not big enough to hold so many people.

    我们发现房子不够大,不能容纳所有的人。

    (6)不定式的被动式

    1)当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式要用被动式。这时,它与受词为动宾关系。如:

    She asked to be sent to work in Tibet.

    她要求被派到西藏去工作。

    He wanted the letter to be typed at once.

    他要求把信立刻打印。

    不定式的逻辑主语:

    A.可能是句子的主语。

    She hated to be flattered. 她讨厌被奉承。

    No one likes to be laughed at in public.

    没有人愿意在公共场合被嘲笑。

    B.可以是句子的宾语。

    He didn’t expect the book to be so well received 他没想到那本书那么受欢迎。

    The teacher ordered the hmoework to be finished before supper.

    老师要求晚饭前把作业做完。

    2)当动词不定式与句子中的另一个名词或代词(不是离它近的名词或代词)有逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式用主动表被动。如:

    The box is too heavy for me to carry.

    箱子太重我拿不动。

    I have something important to do today.

今天我有些重要的事情要做。

注意:若不定式的动作由句子中所存在的人发出不定式用主动表示被动;若不定式的动作由句子中所不存在的人发出,不定式用被动式。

(7)连接代词(或连接副词)+不定式

    这种不定式结构接近于一个名词从句,常用在tell,show,know,decide, teach, learn, discuss, wonder, remember, find out, explain, forget等词之后。如:

    Have you decided when to hole the party?

    你们决定什么时候开晚会了吗?

The driver showed us how to drive a car?

    司机教我们怎样开车。

    (8)不定式to的省略

    1)在情态动词或助动词后。如:

You must finish your homework first then you can go out.你必须先做完作业,然后才能出去。

    May the friendship between our two countries last forever!祝我们两国的友谊万古长青。

    但ought, have和be后不能省略to。

2)使役动词和感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语时。如:

I will not let my children be treated in that way.我不会让我的孩子被那样对待的。

You may take a horse to the water, but you can’t make him drink. 你可以把马牵到水边,但你不可能强迫他喝水。

Help后的不定式作宾补时,可以用to,也可以不用to。

    3)在why引导的表示建议性的句子中。如:

    Why spend such a lot of money?

    为什么花那么多钱?

    Why not ask our teacher to help you with the problem? 为什么不请老师帮你解决这个问题?

    4)在had better, had best, would rather, would tather…than, can’t but, do  nothing but, rather than, would sooner等结构中。如:

    You’d better do what I tell you to.

    你最好按我说的做。

    They would rather try and fail than give up the plan. 他们宁愿再试,再失败,也不愿意放弃。

    5)当一个不定式被省略掉时,to要保留下来,表示省略了一个不定式。如:

He asked her to stay, but she didn’t want to .

    他要她留下,但她却不想。

—Would you like to go with us for a picnic tomorrow? 明天愿意和我们一起去野餐吗?

    一Yes,I’d like to.愿意。

    2.动名词

动名词既有名词的性质,也有动词的性质。作名词时,可作主语、表语和宾语;作动词时可有自己的宾语,也可用副词修饰。

    (1)作主语或表语

    Learning a language requires time and effort.

    学习语言需要时间和努力。

    The report was so inspiring that they were all excited.

报告那么鼓舞人心,所以他们都很激动。动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语。在表示比较抽象的经常性行为时,多用动名词;在表示具体某次动作时,特别是将来动作时,用不定式。

作宾语

(2)       以下动词需用动名词作宾补:

suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, enjoy, consider, practise, allow, prefer等。如:

    Students should practise speaking English every day.学生们应该每天练习讲英语。

    We can’t help laughing at the funny story.

    听到那个可笑的故事我们禁不住大笑起来。

2)love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, want, need, require, remember, forget, regret, try等词后,既可跟不定式作宾语,也可跟动名词作宾语。

    A.love, like, hate, prefer, dislike

    表经常性的习惯动作时跟动名词;表某次特定的动作时跟不定式。如:

    I like swimming in summer, but I don’t like to swim today. 我喜欢夏天游泳,但我今天不想游。

    He prefers making speeches after careful preparation. 他喜欢认真准备以后作报告。

    B.begin, start, continue

    a.表“有意识”,用人作主语时,后接动名词;表“无意识”,用物作主语时,后接不定式。如:

    I started learning English when I was ten.

    我10岁时开始学英语。

    It began to rain at nine last night.

    昨晚9点开始下雨。

    b.当这三个词用于进行时态时,后面只能跟不定式。如:

    The bus is starting to run.

    公共汽车开始动了。

    Li Ming is continuing to study hard.

    李明一直学习很努力。

    C.当这三个词后面所限动词为表示精神状态或心理活动的词时,只能接动词不定式。如:

    I begin to doubt his honesty.

    我开始怀疑他的诚实。

    I continue to feel terrible.我还感到难受。

    d.want, need, require

    接动名词表示“需要”,物作主语;接不定式表示“想干…”,人作主语。如:

    My bike needs repairing.

    我的自行车需要修理。

    She wants to have a word with you.

    她想和你谈谈。

    D. remember to do sth.记住做某事; remember doing sth.记得做过某事。

    Remember to meet me at the airport tonight.

记住今天晚上来机场接我。

    I remember having heard you speak on that subject.我记得听你谈过那个问题。

    E.forget to do sth.忘记了干某事;forget dong sth. 忘记了是否干过某事。

He had forgotten to bring his umbrella and he was wet through.他忘了带伞,所以全身湿透了。

    I forgot giving him a ticket in the morning.

    我忘了早上是否给过他票。

    F. regret to do sth.对要做的事表示抱歉。

regret doing sth.后悔做过某事。

    I regret to inform you that you are dismissed.

    我很遗憾地告诉你,你被解雇了。

    She regrets not having taken my advice.

    她后悔没有听我的建议。

    G.try to do sth.尽力,努力做某事;try doing

sth.试着做某事。

    He tried to break away from me.

    他想和我断绝往来。

Try doing more exercise, and you will soon lose weight.多锻炼,你会减肥的。

    3)介词宾语

能跟动名词作宾语的成语很多,应掌握的有:insist on, think of, dream of ,charge…with, prevent…from,keep…from, stop … from, look forward to, depend on, thank…for, feel like, excuse…for, aim at, devote …to, set about, spend … in, get/be used to, be fond of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, be pround of 等。如:

    I don’t feel like eating anything.

    我不想吃饭。

    The foreigner has used to living here.

    那个老外已习惯于在这里居住了。

    4)时态

 

主动

被动

一般时态

doing

being done

完成式

having  done

having        been done

    动名词的一般时态,表示其动词的动作与

谓语动词的动作同时发生。完成式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如:

    He is proud of being a Chinese.

    作为一个中国人他感到骄傲。

    I’m sure of his having been elected.

    我肯定他被选上了。

    5)动名词与现在分词的区别:

    A.动名词有名词性质,可作主语、宾语;现在分词有动词性质,不能作主语、宾语。

B.作定语时,动名词表功能,表用途;现在分词表动作。

6)动名词的习惯用法

A.There is no+v-ing…是不可能的

    There is no knowing how old he is.

    没人知道他多岁。

There is no joking that he was elected.

他被选上了不是开玩笑。

B.feel like+v-ing想…

I don’t feel like going to see the film tonight.

    我今晚不想看电影。

    I was so angry that I felt like throwing something at him.

    我很生气,真想拿什么东西砸他一下。

    C.go+v-ing(v-ing指运动或游戏)

    Let’s go boating this Sunday.

    星期天我们去划船。

    I go swimming in summer almost every day.

    夏天我几乎每天去游泳。

    D.can’t help+v-ing禁不住

    I couldn’t help overhelping what he said.

    我禁不住想偷听他说什么。

    We couldn’t help laughing at his joke.

    听到他的笑话我们禁不住笑了。

    E.be on the point of+ v-ing正要…,正准备…

    He is on the point of leaving.他就要离开。

    I am on the point of crying.我简直要哭了。

    F.on+v-ing一…就= as soon as…

    On arriving there, he rang me up.

    一到那里,他就给我打电话。

    On hearing that, she cried out.

    听到那个消息,她就哭了。

    G.It is no use+v-ing…是没有用的

    It is no good+ v-ing…是没好处的

    It is a waste of time+v-ing干…是浪费时间

    It is no use talking with him.

    和他谈话是没用的。

    It is a waste of time watching TV in the evening.晚上看电视是浪费时间。

                 difficulty有困难

                  trouble有困难

    H.have  fun有趣                        ( in)+v-ing

                a hard time艰苦

                a good time玩得愉快

Do you have any trouble (in) learning English?

    你学习英语有什么困难吗?

    I had a hard time living there.

在那儿生活很艰苦。

    注意:如果要表示“有困难”,difficulty和trouble前可加some,much,great;要表示“没困难”,difficulty和trouble前可加no,little,也可把句子否定。如果句子前无主语,则用“There be…”句型。

                3.现在分词

    (1)时态

现在

分词

及物动词write

不及物动词go

主动语态

被动语态

主动语态

一般式

          writing

being written

going

完成式

having written

          having been     written

having  gone

    (2)语态

    1)现在分词的主动语态分为一般式和完成式。一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如:

    He hurried home,looking behind as he went.

    他急忙回家,一边走一边向后看。

    Having finished their homework,they went out to play.做完作业,他们出去玩。

    2)现在分词的被动语态分为一般式和完成

式。一般式表示一个被动的动作正在进行,或与谓语动词同时发生。完成式表示一个被动的动作在谓语动词之前发生。如:

    The large building being built will be the library.正在建的大楼将来是个图书馆。

    Having been shown the labs, we were taken to see the library.被带着看完实验室后,我们又被带着参观了图书馆。

    (3)作定语

    作定语用的现在分词如果是单个的词,放在名词的前面。如果是分词短语,则放在名词后边。现在分词作定语,表示所修饰的人或物的动作。如:

    When the firefighters reached the burning building they found that their ladders were not long enough.当消防队员到达正在燃烧的大楼,他们发现他们的梯子不够长。

    How I regret the days having been wasted in doing the useless work!我多么后悔把那些日子

浪费在做那些无用的工作上!

    放在名词后的现在分词短语作定语可表示下列两种情况:

    l)表示正在进行的动作(变为定语从句时须用进行时态)。如:

    The boy standing (who is standing) there is a classmate of mine.

    站在那边的男孩是我的一个同学。

    The large building being built(which is being built) will be a library.

    正在建造的大楼将会是一个图书馆。

    2)表示现在的状态(变为定语从句时用一般时态)。如:

    They built  a  highway leading(which leads)into the mountain.

    他们修建了一条通向山区的公路。

    The room facing (which faces) the south is mine..面朝南的房子是我的。

    (4)作表语

    现在分词作表语表示主语所具有的特征,多数情况下被认为是物化形容词。如:

    The football match we watched was very exciting.我们看过的那场足球赛激动人心。

The magazine's issue on marriage was especially interesting.

杂志中关于婚姻问题的辩论特别有趣。

    (5)作宾语补足语

现在分词可在下列动词后作宾语补足语:see,hear,notice,watch,keep,find,get,have,feel等。如:

I am sorry to have kept you waiting.

    对不起,让你等了。

Can you hear him singing next door?

你能听到他在隔壁唱歌吗?

    (6)作状语

    现在分词作状语表示主语正在进行的另一动作,对谓语加一修饰或陪衬。另外应注意:

l)现在分词和主句的主语为逻辑上的主谓关系。

2)分词表示比较次要的动作。

3)分词表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如:

    Not knowing her address,we couldn't get in touch with her.不知道她的地址,我们没有办法和她取得联系。

Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.

    听到那个消息,他们高兴得跳了起来。

    注意:当现在分词用作原因状语时,主句前不加so;用作让步状语时,主句前不加but。反之,就不能用现在分词作状语。

(7)当when,while,before,afte等连词引导的时间状语从句中的主语和主句的主语相一致时,从句可用省略形式,即“连接词+v-ing”。如

    After spending the weekend in the capital,we took a taxi to the airport.在首都度完了周末,我们乘出租车去了飞机场。

    Waste water from a number of cities is cleaned before flowing back into rivers.许多城市里的废水被净化后才让它流回河里。

    4.过去分词

    (1)作定语

    如果是单个的词;放在所修饰的名词之前;如果是短语,放在所修饰的名词之后。如:

A broken cup is lying on the ground.

    打碎的杯子摆在地上。

    This is one of the factories built in the 1960s.

    这是20世纪60年代建造的工厂之一。

    放在名词后的过去分词短语,被认为是:

    l)一个被动语态的定语从句,表示动作在谓语动词之前发生。如:

We will visit a boy named (who is named)Charlie Green.

    我们将拜访一个叫查理·格林的男孩。

The letter posted (which was posted)today willl reach him the day after tomorrow.

    今天发的信后天他才能收到。

    2)没有一定的时间性,不宜变为定语从句。如:

    He is a teacher loved by all his students.

    他是一个受所有学生爱戴的老师。

    Some people hate to see letters written in pencil.有些人不喜欢看用铅笔写的信。

    另外,过去分词除了作限定定语外,还可作非限定定语,作非限定定语时,前后要用逗号隔开,相当于一个非限定性定语从句。如:

    The book,written in 1990(which was written in 1990),was published in 1998.

    1990年写的那本书,1998年才出版。

    The building,finished in September(which was finished in September),was an excelent one.

    9月份完工的那幢楼是一个优质工程。

    (2)作表语

    表示主语所处的状态。如:

My car is broken, so I go to work on foot.

我的车坏了,所以我步行去上班。

    He was terrified at seeing the footmark.

    看到那个脚印他很害怕。

    (3)作宾语补足语

    过去分词可在下列动词后作宾语补足语:see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, get, have, feel等。如:

    The effort to get my plan finished has tired me out.完成计划的努力使得我精疲力尽。

    I intended to have my daughters educated in England.我想让女儿们到英国去受教育。

    (4)作状语

    说明动作发生的背景或情况。过去分词作状语和主句的主语为逻辑上的动宾关系或主表关系。如:

    Greatly moved by his words,we made up our minds to study harder.被他的话深深地感动了,我们决心更努力地学习。

    Seen from the hill,the park looks more beautiful.从山顶上看,公园更漂亮。

    (5)独立结构

在用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上的主语必须和句子的主语一致,但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语,这种结构称为独立结构。如:

 名词或代词+  不分词、分词

   I have paid you ten yuan, the left to pay off

next month. 我已经还了你10元钱,剩余的下个月还清。                                  

Weather permitting,we will go boating tomorrow.天气允许的话,我们明天去划船。

    He lay on his back,his hands crossed under his head.他仰面躺着,双手放在头下。

    5.过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别

    (l)作定语时,过去分词一般表示动作发生的时间早于主句谓语动词,而“being+过去分词”则表示动作正在发生或表示与谓语动词几乎同时发生。如:

    He likes to read books written by Lu Xun.

    他喜欢读鲁迅的书。

    This is the house being built now.

    这幢房子正在建设中。

    “having been+过去分词”不能作定语  

    (2)作时间状语时,过去分词与“having been+过去分词”相差无几。但如果强调分词状语的动作发生在句子的谓语动词的动作之前,宜用“having been+过去分词”。如:

    Rewritten in simple English, the book is easy to read.用简单的英语改写后,这本书很容易阅读。

    Having been fed, the baby didn't cry.

    婴儿喂过以后就不哭了。

    (3)作方式状语或伴随状语常用过去分词,而不用“being+过去分词”。如:

    The trainer appeared,followed by several litle dogs.驯兽员出来了,后面跟了几只小狗。

Inspired by his example, we went on working again.受他的榜样鼓舞,我们又继续工作。

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