|
考点二十一：简单句 根据语法形式，即句子的结构，英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。 简单句的基本形式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成。其它各种句子形式都是由此句型发展而来，如五大基本句型： 1.主语+谓语，这种句型简称为主谓结构，其谓语一般都是不及物动词，例： Things change.事物是变化的。 --Did you go by sea？你们走的是海路吗？ --NO，we flew.不，我们是飞去。 2.主语+连系动词+表语，这种句型称为主系表结构，其实连系动词在形式上也是一种谓语动词，但实质上表语成了谓语，例： Mr. Turner is an artist.特纳先生是位画家。 3.主语+谓语+宾语，这种句型可称为主谓宾结构，它的谓语一般多是及物动词，例： We never beat children.我们从来不打孩子。 4.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语，这种句型可称为主谓宾宾结构，其谓语应是可有双宾语的及物动词，两个宾语一个是间接宾语，一个是直接宾语，例： He gave the book to his sister.他把这本书给了他的妹妹。 I'll write you a long letter.我将写给你一封长信。 5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补，这种句型可简称为主谓宾补结构，其补语是宾语补语，与宾语一起即构成复合宾语，例： I found the book easy.我发现这本书不难。（形容词easy作补语） I'll let him go.我将让他去。（不定式go用作补语） 考点二十二:主从复合句 定语从句 一.概念 在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句,称为定语从句,也叫形容词性从句 二.相关知识点精讲 1.关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1）who, whom, that 代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语） 2） whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book of which the cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3）which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。 2.关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。例如： Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 3.判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一：看从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。 I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语） 。 4.限制性和非限制性定语从句 1） 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如： This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性） 2） 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 说明：关系代词that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。 5.介词+关系词 1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2）that前不能有介词。 3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如： This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。 This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？ Do you remember the day when you joined our club? 6.as, which 非限定性定语从句 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首也可在句中，which在句中。例如： As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。 The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。 as 注意事项 （1）非限定性定语从句 as 正如, 就像。 （2）限定性定语从句前面有the same, such, so 9.关系代词that 的用法 1）不用that的情况 a） 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如： （错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b） 介词后不能用。例如： We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。 We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 2） 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a） 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。 b） 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 c） 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。 d） 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。. e） 先行词既有人，又有物时。例如： All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。 名词性从句 一.概念 名词性从句共有四种:主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句和同位语从句 二.相关知识点精讲 1． 主语从句：主语从句在整个句子中作主语。 (1)不同于其它的连词，它不充当句子的成分，只是单纯的连接词，通常不可以省略。分句置于句首时，that绝对不可以省略。 That the driver could not control his war was obvious. It was obvious that the driver could not control his car. (2)if 不能用在主语从句中，而是用whether Whether he left (or not) is unknown (3)当主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用第三人称单数，下面这个句型例外。 What we need is more time and money. What we need are many more books. 2.表语从句：表语从句出现在系动词后，充当表语。 The trouble is that we are short of money. Go and get your coat. It’s where you left it. (1) 引导表语从句除了上述三类词外还有because, as if/ as though等等 The reason (why/for which…..) is that …… It/This/That is because…… (2) 连系动词“appear, look, seem”的两个常用句型 It seems/appears that…. It looks/seems as if/as though……(与事实相符用陈述语气，与事实相反用虚拟语气) (3) as 也可以引导表语从句 Things are not always as they seem to be 3. 宾语从句：及物动词，形容词和介词后加宾语从句作其宾语。 (1) 宾语从句时态与主句相呼应，但宾语从句表示的是客观真理或普遍现象除外 The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun (2) 连词whether和 if可以互换，但注意下列情况 连词后紧跟or not时用whether I want to know whether or not they will come. 作介词宾语是用whether引导宾语从句 He was interested in whether he saw her there. 连接词后直接加不定式，不能用if只能用whether He doesn’t know whether to stay or not. 如果宾语从句是否定时，一般用if引导 I care if he will not attend the meeting. (3) 当宾语从句后带宾补时，要用“主语+谓语+it +宾补+that-clause,that不可省略 I think it certain that she will do well in her exam. (4) 当主语是I, we ，主句用think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine五个动词时，用否定转移 I don’t think he will win the game, will he? (5) that在宾语从句常可以省略，但由and或 but连接两个或多个宾语从句时，仅可以省略第一个连词that He said (that) he had eaten nothing but that he wasn’t hungry. (6) 注意区别if引导的宾语从句和条件状语从句 I don’t know if he will come. If he comes, I’ll let you know. 4.同位语从句，在句中作某些名词的同位语，对前面的名词进一步说明。用在下列名词 fact,news,idea,hope,believe,hope,thought,doubt.truth,order,suggestion, word etc. (1) There is no doubt that he will come. There is doubt whether he will come. Word came that Napoleon would come to inspect them. There is no possibility that…. (2) that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别： 在同位语从句中：that不可以省略，不作成分;定语从句的关系代词that在定语从句作成分，作宾语时可以省略 We are interested in the news that some foreigners would visit our school. We are interested in the news that he told us. when, where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别： 在定语从句中，when, where前有分别表示时间、地点的先行词；而在同位语从句中无此对应关系 They have no idea at all where he has gone.(同位语从句) Go and get your coat. It’s in the place where you left it.(定语从句) 5. 疑问词-ever既可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导让步状语从句，而no matter+疑问词只能引导让步状语从句 No matter where I go, my heart is towards China. I believer whatever he says. Whatever he says, I will never believe him. who与 whoever的区别 who是“谁”的意思，表示具有疑问，who相当于anyone who“无论谁” Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. Can you tell me who that gentleman is? 6．当名词性从句缺少主语、宾语或表语时，引导词通常用what，它相当于。另外，有时具有感叹意义all that, anything that或 the thing(s) that What we can’t get seems better than what we have. Tom thought what a beautiful girl Mary was. 7.注意区分it 作形式主语的主语从句与强调句 强调句句型It is/was+被强调部分+that, 去掉It is/was, that，句子仍然成立。 It is natural that they should have different views. 主语从句 It is only lately that he had had a family himself. 强调句 What was it that he wanted? I don’t know what it was that he wanted. It was in the hotel where he stayed that we discussed the serious problem 8.注意it 作形式主语的主语从句和as引导非限制性定语从句引导的不同 It is known to all that the earth is round. As is known to all, the earth is round 状语从句 一.概念 状语从句修饰主句中的动词,形容词,副词等,在复合句中作状语.引导状语从句的关联词是从属连词.状语从句用陈述句语序,一般位于复合句的句首或句末.当从句在句首时,从句后常用逗号和主句相隔.状语从句根据其在句中的不同作用分别表示时间,地点,原因,目的,结果,条件,比较,让步,行为方式等. 二.相关知识点精讲 1.地点状语从句 地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。例如： Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。 Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。 2.方式状语从句 方式状语从句通常由as, as if, as though引导。 1）as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体。例如： Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。 2）as if, as though引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"。例如： They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。） 说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。例如： He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。 He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。 The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒 3.原因状语从句 比较because, since, as和for： 1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。例如： I didn't go, because I was afraid. 我不去是因为我怕。 Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟，旅行推迟了。 2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。例如： He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因为他病了。 He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。 4.目的状语从句 表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, for fear that, in case等词引导。例如： You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必须大点声，别人就能听见了。 He wrote the name down for fear that（lest） he should forget it. 他写下了这个名字以免以后忘记。 Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 最好多穿点衣服，以防天发冷。 5.结果状语从句 结果状语从句常由so…that 或 such…that引导。so…that与such…that之间可以转换。例如： The boy is so young that he can't go to school. 这男孩年龄太小，不能上学。 He is such a young boy that he can't go to school 6. 条件状语从句 连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。 unless = if not. 例如： Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired. 如果不太累，我们去散散步。 If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk. 典型例题 You will be late ___ you leave immediately. A. unless B. until C. if D. or 答案A。句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late。B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late. 7. 让步状语从句 1）though, although引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。例如： Although it's raining, they are still working in the field. 虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。 He is very old, but he still works very hard. 虽然他很老了，但仍然努力地工作。 2） as, though 引导的让步从句表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。例如： Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. 虽然是个小孩，该做什么不做什么，他全知道。 3） ever if, even though 即使。例如： We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也要去远足。 4） whether…or… 不管……都。例如： Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 信不信由你，这确实是真的。 5） "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever" 。例如： No matter what happened, he would not mind. =Whatever happened, he would not mind. 不管发生什么，他不在意。 替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 8. 比较while, when, as 1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。例如： Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. 我一刹车，有一个人向我走来。 2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。例如： When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 赶完活后，你可以休息一下。 3）从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when 或while。例如： As the day went on, the weather got worse. 日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。 9.比较until和till 此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。肯定句：I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。 Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。（在肯定句中可用before代替。例如 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.） 否定句：She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6点才到。 Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。 I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后，我才会做。 区别： until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。例如： Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。 注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。 1）Not until…在句首，主句用倒装。例如： Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热为何物。 2）It is not until… that… 。例如： It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted. 10.表示"一…就…"的结构 hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than 和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思。例如： I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain. 刚回家，就下起雨来了。 I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. As soon as I got home, it began to rain. 注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。例如： Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
|
|
|
