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all 1. all along 一直，在整个期间。如： I thought all along that he would win. 我一直认为他会赢。 We know all along that he is going to make it. 我们始终认为他是会成功的。 2. all over 到处，各处，全身。如： We looked all over for the watch. 我们到处找过那块表。 She was like her mother all over. 她处处像她妈妈。 I was aching all over after the match. 比赛后我全身都痛。 He painted the wall green all over. 他把墙全漆成绿色。 3. in all (1) 一共，合计。如： There are 100 people in all. 一共有100人。 That’s $15 in all. 一共15美元。 (2) 总之，简言之。如： In all, the book is worth reading. 总之，这本书值得一读。 4. at all (1) 用于否定句，意为：根本不、一点也不。如： It wasn’t difficult at all. 这一点也不难。 There was nothing to eat at all. 根本没什么可吃的。 注：在否定句中，at all 可位于句末，也可跟在否定词后。如： He isn’t tired at all. / He’s not at all tired. 他一点也不累。 另外，在口语中单独说 not at all, 可用来回答感谢或道歉。如： A：Thank you very much. 多谢你了。 B：Not at all. 不客气。 A：I’m sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 B：Oh, not at all. 噢，没关系。 (2) 用于疑问句，意为：到底、究竟、难道不。如： Are you at all worried about it? 你难道对此不担心吗? Have you read any of the report at all? 那份报告你到底有没有读一点? (3) 用于条件句(用来加强if的语气)，意为：假若、既然、即使、反正。如： If you do it at all, do it well. 既然要做，就把它做好。 (4) 用于肯定句(较少见)， 意为：不管怎样、竟然。如： I was surprised at his coming at all. 我很奇怪， 他竟然来了。 allow 1. allow (doing) sth 允许(做)某事。如： The facts allow no other explanation. 事实不允许有其他的解释。 We don’t allow eating in the classrooms. (我们)不允许在教室吃饭。 注：有时用于被动语态。如： Dogs are not allowed. 狗不得入内。 Smoking is not allowed here. 此处不准吸烟。 2. allow sb to do sth 允许某人做某事。如： My parents don’t allow me to go out at night. 我父母不允许我晚上出去。 Her boss doesn’t allow her to use the telephone. 她的老板不允许她使用电话。 注：有时用于被动语态。如： Passengers are not allowed to smoke. 乘客不准吸烟。 3. allow sb sth 给予某人某物(尤指钱或时间)；让某人有(拥用或带有)某物。如： He allows his son too much money. 他给他儿子的钱太多。 We’ll allow you time to answer. 我们将给回答的时间。 I will allow you 10% off the price if you pay now. 如果你现在付款，我可以给你打九折。 We allow passengers one item of hand luggage each. 我们允许每个乘客带一件手提行李。 注：有时用于被动语态。如： I’m not allowed visitors. 我不准有访客。 4. allow for 考虑到，把……考虑进来，体谅。如： We should allow for every possible delay. 我们考虑到任何可能的延误。 We must allow for his youth. 我们必须体谅他的年轻。 alone 1. leave [let] sb alone 不要打扰或干扰某人，听其自然。如： Go away and leave me alone, will you? 你走开吧，不要管我，好不好? 2. leave [let] sth alone 不要移动(触摸，改变)某物，听其自然。如： Leave that alone. It’s mine. 别动那个，是我的。 Leave that vase alone or you’ll break it. 不要动那个花瓶，不要你会把它打了的。 3. let alone 更不用说，别说。如： He speaks Russian, let alone Russian. 他连俄语都会说，但不说英语了。 He won’t even thank you, let alone pay you. 他甚至不会感谢你，就更不用说会付给你钱了。 4. not be alone in (doing) sth 不只是某人这样想(这样认为，这样感觉等)。如： We are not alone in thinking that. 不仅仅我们这样想。 He is not alone in believing that it may lead to war. 不单他一个人认为那会导致战争。 注：该句型主要用于否定句，偶尔也用于肯定句。如： We are all alone in objecting to the plan. 我们孤单地反对这个计划。 along 1. along with (1) 随同……一起。如： Mother sent me some money along with her letter. 母亲随信给我寄来了一些钱。 (2) 除……之外。如： Tobacco is taxed in most countries, along with alcohol. 除酒之外，烟草在大多数国家都要征税。 (3) 与……一起(一道)。如： The teacher worded along with the students. 老师同学一起干。 He went on the journey along with his two friends. 他与他的两位朋友一起去旅行。 注：以上三个用法的实质意思是一样的。 2. get along (1) 进行，进展。如： How are you getting along with your English? 你的英语学得怎样? (2) 相处。如： He doesn’t get along well with his classmates. 他与同学相处不好。 angry 1. be angry with (at) sb 对某人生气。如： He was angry with [at] his wife. 他对他妻子很生气。 The teacher was angry with [at] me when I was late. 我迟到时老师对我很生气。 注：表示对某人生气，用介词 with 比用介词 at 常用。有人认为：用 with 表示心中感到生气，而用 at 则表示怒气流露于外表；也有人认为用介词 at 为口语或非正式文体等。不过值得注意的是，不要按汉语意思说 be angry to sb。 2. be angry at [about] sth 对某事生气。如： The teacher was rather angry at what you said. 老师对你说的话相当生气。 The man was angry at being kept waiting. 这个人因别人让他久等而很恼火。 My sister was angry about missing the film. 没看上那部电影我妹妹很气恼。 注：表示对某事生气，介词 about 和 at 都可用，有人认为：介词 at 后接某人之言行，而 about 之后接某事， 但这种区别并不十分严格，两者有时可换用。但是，表示对某事生气，通常不能用介词 with。 3. be angry for sth 因为某事而生气。如： I was angry with myself for making such a stupid mistake. 我因为犯了这么愚蠢的错误而在生自己的气。 He was angry with me for not having done anything. 因为我什么也没做，他对我很生气。 another 1. one after another 一个接一个地，一个又一个地。如： They left the room one after another. 他们一个一个地离开了房间。 We achieved victories one after another. 我们取得了一个又一个的胜利。 注：按传统语法，one after another 指三者或三者以上，若指两者则用 one after the other, 但在现代英语中，两者常可换用。如： Difficulties arose one after another [the other]. 问题一个一个地冒了出来。 另外，One after another 通常用作状语，有时用作主语。如： One after another stood up and went out. 人们一个一个地站起来，走了出去。 2. one another 相互，彼此。如： We should help one another. 我们应该互相帮助。 The members of the team support one another. 队员们相互支持。 注：有人认为 one another 一定用于三者或三者以上， 而用于两者须用 each other。但在现代英语中，两者常可换用。 The boy and girl are deeply in love with one another [each other]. 这男孩和女孩深深地相爱着。 The sea and the sky seem to melt into one another [each other]. 大海与蓝天似乎融为一体。 另外，one another 可以有所有格形式。如： Those two are always copying one another’s [each other’s] homework. 那两个人总是相互抄袭作业。 answer 1. answer for 对……负责，对……承担责任，保证，代表。如： I will answer for it (him). 我愿对它(他)负责。 One day you’ll have to answer for what you’ve done. 有一天你会对你今天的所作所为承担责任的。 I agree but I can’t answer for my friends. 我同意，但我不能代表我的朋友也同意。 注：该短语通常用于将来时态或含有情态动词的句子，其后可接名词或代词，一般不接 that 从句，若要接这类从句，则应先接形式宾语 it。如： I can’t answer for his honesty. ＝ I can’t answer for it that he is honest. 我不能保证他是诚实的。 2. in answer to 作为对……的回答，响应……的请求。如： In answer to his question, she shook her head. 对于他的问题，她以摇头作答。 The doctor came at once in answer to my phone call. 医生一接到我的电话就来了。 anxious 1. be anxious about sth (sb) 为某事或某人担心或担忧。如： I’m very anxious about him. 我很为他担心。 He was anxious about her absence. 他担心她不来。 2. be anxious for sth (sb) (1) 为某事或某人担心或担扰。如： He was anxious for family. 他为他的家人担心。 We are anxious about his health. 我们都为他的身体担心。 注：此用法有时可将介词 for 换成 about。如： We’re anxious for [about] his safety. 我们担心他的安全。 (2) 渴望某事物。如： We are anxious for a change. 我们渴望换个环境。 We are really anxious for peace. 我们确实渴望和平。 3. be anxious to do sth 渴望(希望，想要)要做某事。如： He is anxious to see her. 他渴望见到她。 We are anxious to leave here. 我们急于要离开这儿。 注：此用法有时可与 be anxious for sth 互换。如： He’s anxious to know [for] the result. 他渴望知道结果。 4. be anxious for sb to do sth 渴望(希望， 想要)要某人做某事。如： We are anxious for him to come. 我们希望他来。 I was anxious for everything to be settled. 我希望把一切都解决。 注：该句型有时可与带从句的结构互换。如上面两句也可说成： We are anxious that he should come. I was anxious that everything should be settled. anything 1. (be) anything but 绝不是，根本不是。如： I’ll do anything but that. 我绝不会干那种事。 The party was anything but a success. 晚会根本不成功。 The fight is anything but finished. 斗争绝没有结束。 The hotel was anything but satisfactory. 这家旅馆一点不让人满意。 注1. anything but 有时可单独使用。如： I don’t mean he’s lazy ---- anything but! 我不是说他懒，他根本不懒。 注2. 不仅可用于事物，也可用于人。如： He is anything but a poet. 他绝不是诗人。 He was anything but polite. 他根本没有一点礼貌。 2. like anything 使劲地，拼命地。如： He praised her like anything. 他使劲地夸她。 The thief ran like anything when he saw the policeman. 小偷见到警察就拼命地跑走了。 apologize 1. apologize to sb 向某人道歉。如： Apologize to your sister. 去给你姐姐赔个不是。 I’ve come to apologize to you. 我来向你道歉。 2. apologize for (doing) sth 因某事而道歉。如： I must apologize for the delay in replying to your letter. 未能及时给你回信，我得向你道歉。 He apologized for not being able to meet her. 他因为未能去接她而向她道歉。 注：以下两个句型有时可以配合使用。如： He apologized to the teaching for coming late. 他因迟到而向老师道歉。 apology 1. make an apology to sb 向某人道歉。如： He made an apology to her. 我向他道歉了。 2. make an apology for sth 因某事而道歉。如： He made an apology for what he said. 他为他所说的话道了歉。 注：以下两个句型有时可配合使用。如： He made an apology to her for hurting her feelings. 他因为伤害她的感情而向她道歉。 appear 1. appear to do sth 似乎要……。如： He appears to have a lot of money. 他似乎很有钱。 He appeared not to notice anything. 他似乎没看见什么。 注：有时不定式用进行式或完成式等。如： It appears to be raining. 似乎在下雨。 You appear to have traveled a lot. 看来你去过不少地方。 2. it appears that [as if]… 似乎……。如： It appears that [as if] he will win. 看来他会赢。 It appeared that he didn’t like her. 似乎他并不喜欢她。 注：以上句型有时可与后接不定式的结构转换。如： It appears that you have made a mistake. / You appear to have made a mistake. 似乎你弄错了。 3. There appears to be… 似乎……。如： There appears to be no danger now. 现在似乎没有危险了。 注：该句型有时可与后接 that 从句的句型转换。如： There seems to have been a mistake. / It appears that there has been a mistake. 看来一直就有错。 apply 1. apply for sth 申请或请求得到某物。如： He applied for a scholarship. 他申请了奖学金。 I’ll apply for the job tomorrow. 我明天去申请这份工作。 注：有时可在 apply 后加上 to sb, 表示向某人申请。如： He applied to us for help. 他向我们求援。 You must apply to the teacher for permission. 你必须请求老师批准。 2. apply to do sth 申请做某事。如： He applied to stay there. 他申请留在那儿。 In 1980 he applied to join the Party. 1980年他申请入党。 3. apply to sth (sb) 适用(运用)于某人或某物。如： What you said doesn’t apply to me. 你所说的不适合于我。 The rule doesn’t apply to this case. 这条规则不适用于这种场合。 注：该结构中的 to 为介词，若后接动词，要用动名词。如： These methods apply to learning English. 这些方法适用于英语学习。 4. apply sth to sth 把某物运用到另一物上。如： You can’t apply this rule to every case. 你不能将这条规则运用到所有的情况。 In this way we can better apply theory to practice. 这样我们就能更好地把理论运用到实践中去。 5. apply oneself to (doing) sth 致力于(做)某事。如： He applied himself to learning French. 他致力于学法语。 If you apply yourself to the job, you’ll soon finish it. 如果你努力干，这工作不要多久就可以完成。 注：该结构中的 oneself有时可用 one’s mind, one’s energies等代之。如： We must apply our minds to finding a solution. 我们动动脑筋找出解决的办法来。 argue 1. argue about (over) sth 为某事而争论。如： They always argue about [over] money. 他们总是为钱争吵。 They are arguing about [over] who lost the ball. 他们在争论是谁丢了球。 注：有时 argue 后可接 with sb, 表示与某人争吵。如： He argued with the driver about the fare. 他就车费与司机论理。 2. argue sb into (out of) (doing) sth说服某人做(不做)某事。如： They tried to argue me into joining them. 他们设法要说服我加入他们一起干。 We argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey. 我们说服他不去作那样危险的旅行。 I argued him out of his opposition. 我说服他不再反对。 arrange 1. arrange to do sth 安排或准备做某事。如： They arranged to start early. 他们准备一早出发。 I’ve arranged to see her tonight. 我已安排今晚同他见面。 We still have to arrange how (when) to go there. 我们还得安排如何(何时)去那儿。 2. arrange for sb (sth) to do sth 安排某人(某物)做某事。如： He’s arranged for me to attend the meeting. 他已安排我去参加会议。 We have arranged for the car to come at nine. 我们已安排好让汽车9点钟来。 注：该结构有时可与后接从句的句型转换。如： We arranged for the meeting to be put off for a week. / We arranged that the meeting (should) be put off for a week. 我们安排把会议推迟一周后召开。 arrive 1. arrive at 到达(较小地方)；达成(协议，结论等)。如： Soon we arrived at the station. 我们很快就到了车站。 It took a long time to arrived at a conclusion. 花了很长时间才达成一个结论。 2. arrive in 到达(较大地方)。如： Two weeks later we arrived in Paris. 两个星期后我们到了巴黎。 as 1. as……as (1) 与……一样。如： He gets up as early as I [me]. 他起床与我一样早。 This dress is twice as expensive as that. 这件连衣裙比那件贵一倍。 He looks as ill as he sounded on the phone. 他的样子与他在电话中说话的声音所反应的病情是一样的。 注：第二个 as 后接人称代词时，一般说来可用主格或宾格，且大致同义，但有时有差别。如： You love him as much as I (=as I love him). 你爱他像我爱他一样。 You love him as much as me (=as you love me). 你爱他像爱我一样。 另外，在否定句中，第一个 as 也可换成 so。如： He doesn’t study as [so] hard as his brother. 他学习不如他弟弟努力。 (2) 与……一样，不但……而且，虽然……但是。如： The room is as long as (it is) wide. 这房间的长宽一样。 The news was as unexpected as (it was) welcome. 这消息来得突然，但受人欢迎。 She is as clever as (she is) beautiful. 她既聪明又漂亮。 One is as light as the other is heavy. 一个轻，另一个重。 注：以上比较句型属于“异质比较”，即为同一个人或同一个事物在两个不同的方面进行比较。 2. as for 至于，就……来说。如： As for me, I have nothing to say against it. 至于我，我没什么反对的意见的提。 As for being shy, you’ll get over that. 至于害羞，你会克服的。 I enjoy going to the movies. But as for the theatre, I prefer staying at home. 我喜欢看电影，但至于看戏，我宁愿呆在家里。 注：as for 通常位于句首。 3. as if [as though] 仿佛，似乎。如： We’ve missed the bus. It looks as if we’ll have to walk. 我们错过了公共汽车，看来我们得走路了。 They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他们待我如陌生人。 I couldn’t move my legs. It was as if they were stuck to the floor. 我的腿动不了，就好像给固定在地板上似的。 注：as if [as though] 所引导的从句谓语根据语义的要求， 可用陈述语气(若可能为事实)或虚拟语气( 若为假设或不太可能是事实)。如： It looks as if we’ll be late. 我们似乎要迟到了。 When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken. 当把一支铅笔的一部分放在一杯水里时，它看起来好像折断了似的。 另外，as if [as though] 之后有时可以不接句子，而接不定式或分词等。如： He opened his mouth as if to speak. 他张开口， 好像要说话似的。 She stared at the girl as if seeing her for the first time. 她目不转睛地看着这姑娘，像是第一次见到她。 4. as much (many)……as 与……一样(多)。如： You must speak English as much as possible. 你必须尽可能地多说英语。 You’ve made as many mistakes as I have. 你犯的错误和我犯的一样多。 She is a cook as good as her mother. / She is as good a cook as her mother. 她和她妈妈一样是位好厨师。 5. as to (1) 至于，说到。如： As to (doing) that, I haven’t decided yet. 至于(做)那件事，我还没有决定。 注：这样用的 as to 常可与 as for 换用。 As to [As for] his father, I don’t know him at all. 至于他父亲，我根本不认识。 (2) 关于。如： Nothing as to his past is known. 关于他的过去，一无所知。 I have no doubts as to your ability. 关于你的能力，我毫不怀疑。 (3) 按照。如： He arranged them as to size and colour. 他按照它们的大小和颜色进行安排。 ashamed 1. be ashamed of (doing) sth 对(做)某事感到羞愧或惭愧。如： You really ought to be ashamed of that. 你实在应该对此感到惭愧。 He was ashamed of asking [having asked]such a simple question. 他由于问了这样简单的问题而感到难为情。 He is ashamed of his failure [having failed]. 他对自己的失败感到羞惭。 比较以下同义句型： I am ashamed of that. / I am ashamed of myself for that. 我对此感到羞愧。 He is ashamed of being poor. / He is ashamed of himself for being poor. 他因为穷而感到羞惭。 2. be ashamed to do sth (1) 因感到难为情或感到差耻而不愿某事。如： I am ashamed to say so. 这样说我不好意思。 He was too ashamed to ask for help. 他不好意思请求帮助。 (2) 对做某事而感到羞愧或惭愧。如： You should be ashamed to tell such lies. 撒这样的谎你应该感到羞愧。 He was ashamed to have made some careless mistakes. 他因出了些很粗心的差错而感到惭愧。 注：该用法有时可换成 that 从句。如上面最后一句也可说成： He was ashamed that he had made some careless mistakes. 再比较： 他因说谎而感到羞惭。 正：He was ashamed of having lied. 正：He was ashamed to have lied. 正：He was ashamed that he had lied. ask 1. ask about sth (sb) 询问有关某人或某事的情况。如： She asked about his health. 她询问他的健康状况。 Can I ask about the exam results? 我可以问问考试结果吗? 2. ask after sb 问候某人(的健康)。如： They all ask after you. 他们都问候你(的健康)。 3. ask for sth 要求得到某物或要求与某人见面。如： He asked for some water. 他要些水。 A Mr Smith is asking for the manager. 一位名叫史密斯先生的人要找经理。 4. ask sb for sth向某人要某物或请某人给某物。如： They asked me for help. 他们向我求助。 He asked her for her address. 他向她要她的地址。 5. ask to do sth要求或请求做某事。如： He asked to see the manager. 他求见经理。 He asked to see whoever was in charge. 他要求见负责人。 He asked to go alone. 他要求一个人去。 6. ask sb to do sth 请或叫某人做某事。如： Ask John to mail these letters tomorrow. 叫约翰明天把这几封们寄了。 He asked us to wait for him at the gate. 他叫我们在门口等他。 asleep 1. be fast [sound] asleep 熟睡。如： Now the baby is fast [sound] asleep. 这婴儿睡得正香。 You’ll be fast asleep by the time we get home. 等我们到家时你会熟睡了。 注：英语不说 very asleep。 2. fall asleep 入睡。如： The boy fell asleep in his seat. 这男孩在座位上睡着了。 I fell asleep (while) watching TV. 我在看电视时睡着了。 astonished 1. be astonished at [by] 因(被)某事而惊讶。如： They were astonished at [by] the news. 听到这个消息他们感到很惊讶。 I was astonished at [by] his sudden appearance. 我对他的突然出现而感到惊讶。 2. be astonished to do sth I was astonished to see him there. 我在那儿看到他感到很惊讶。 She was astonished to hear what had happened. 她对所发生的事感到很惊讶。 attempt 1. attempt to do sth 试图做某事。如： The prisoner attemted to escape. 囚犯企图逃跑。 He attempted to speak but was told to be quiet. 他试图想发言，但却没让他讲话。 2. attempt doing sth 试图要做某事。如： / 30 / 19) He attempted swimming across the river. 他试图游过河去。 I attempted walking until I collapsed and fell down. 我想尽力走下去，后来支持不住而摔倒了。 注：以上两类句型有时可互换。如： Don’t attempt to do it by yourself. / Don’t attempt doing it by yourself. 不要企图一个人去做这件事。 attend 1. attend on sb 照料某人，服侍某人。如： Who will attend on the patient? 谁来护理病人? He was attended on by a number of servants. 有好多佣人侍候他。 注：有时其中的介词 on 可以省略。如： He has two nurses attending (on) him. 有两位护士护理他。 2. attend to (1) 注意听。如： Attend now to what I tell you. 现在注意听我给你讲。 If you don’t attend to your teacher, you’ll never learn anything. 你要是不注意听老师讲，你就会什么也学不到。 (2) 处理；办理。如： I’ll attend to the matter. 这事我来处理。 I may be late --- I have one or two things to attend to. 我可能会迟到，我还有一两件事要处理。 (3) 照顾；照看。如： If you go out, who will attend to the baby? 你要是出去，谁来照顾婴儿? Will you attend to the shop for a few minutes while I go to the bank? 在我去银行时你帮我照看一下店铺好吗? (4) 接待；招待。如： Are you being attended to, sir? 先生， 有人招呼你了吗? I’m too busy. I can’t attend to you now. 我很忙，现在不能接待你。 (5) 专心；关心。如： You must attend to your work. 你必须专心工作。 Parents must attend to the education of their children. 父母必须要关心子女的教育。 (6) 治疗；医治。如： His injury was attended to by a young doctor. 他的伤由一位年轻医生医治。 attention 1. bring sth to one’s attention 使某人注意某事。如： I brought this to his attention. 我使他注意到了这一点。 He’s brought this fact to the attention of the public. 他已使公众注意到这一事实。 2. call one’s attention to sth 提醒某人注意。如： He called my attention to some new evidence. 他提醒我注意一些新的证据。 He called our attention to what he said. 他提醒我们注意他说的话。 3. draw [catch, attract] one’s attention 引起某人的注意。如： What he said drew our attention. 他说的话引起了我们的注意。 He knocked on the window to catch my attention. 他敲窗户以引起我的注意。 I kept trying to attract the waiter’s attention. 我不断地示意招呼服务员。 比较： He drew attention to the rising unemployment. 失业率日益升高引起了他的注意。 4. fix one’s attention on sth 集中注意力于某事物。如： He fixed his attention on writing. 他专心写作。 5. pay attention to 注意。如： Pay attention to these details. 注意这些细节。 He asked the students to pay more attention to their study. 他叫学生们更加注意学习。 注：该用法中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，所以其后接动词时要用动名词。如： Pay more attention to uniting and working with those who differ with you. 更注意团结那些与自己意见不同的人一道工作。 average 1. above (the) average 在平均水平以上。如： His school work is above (the) average. 他的学业成绩属中等以上。 2. below (the) average 在平均水平以下。如： His school work is below (the) average. 他的学业成绩属中等以下。 The amount of rain this year has been below average. 今年的降雨量低于平均水平。 3. on (the) average (1) 中等(水平)。如： His school work is on (the) average. 他的学业成绩属中等水平。 (2) 平均，按平均数计算。如： On (the) average we receive ten letters each day. 我们平均每天收到10封信。 On average, there are five students absent every day. 平均每天有5个学生迟到。 注：有时也说 on an average。如： He smokes 20 cigarettes a day on an average. 他平均每天要抽20支烟。 4. up to (the) average 达到平均水平。如： The crops are well up to the average. 收成完全达到一般水平。 avoid 1. avoid doing sth 逃避或避免做某事。如： He avoided answering my questions. 他避而不答我的问题。 It was impossible to avoid being affected. 要想不受影响是不可能的。 |
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