延续性动词与瞬间动词的转换
一、
瞬间动词也叫短暂性动词或终止性动词。这种动词是指它们动作的开始也就意味着动作的结束，所以不能直接跟表示一段的时间状语连用。
那么，如何使瞬间动词与表示一段时间的状语连用呢？此时，我们可以将这些词转换成意义相近的延续性词（组），从而间接表示其中的意思。
二、瞬间动词与延续性动词的区别：
1、用于完成时的区别
1）延续动词表示经验、经历；
2）瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
eg. 1.He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
2.I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2、用于till和until从句的差异
1）延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做……，直到……”
2）瞬间动词用于否定句，表示“到……，才……”
eg. 1.He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10点才回来。
2.He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
三、瞬间动词到延续性动词的转换：
这里对一些词做一些总结：
瞬间动词 可转换的延续性动词（组）
arrive be here
begin/start be on
die be dead
fall ill/sick/asleep be ill/sick/asleep
get up be up
go out be out
finish be over
put on wear或be on
open be open(adj.)
join be in或be
a member of…
close be closed
go to school be a student
borrow keep
buy have
catch(a cold) have(a cold)
get to know know
begin to study study
come to work work
get up be up
leave be away from等
如：
1.He has been a soldier for three years. 他参军三年了。
2.His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。
3.The film has been on for ten minutes. 电影已开始十分钟了。
4.We have studied English for three years. 我们（开始）学英语已三年了。
现在完成时是初中英语语法的重点之一。它表示过去发生的某一动作或存在的状态，一直持续到现在，甚至有可能继续延续下去。可以和以for或since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，也可以用在以“how long”提问的句子中，句子中的谓语动词一般为延续性动词。
比如：
Tom has studied Russian for three years.
Green has lived in Beijing for 10 years.
但是，也有些动词所表示的动作是短暂的，这类动词叫做非延续性动词，也叫短暂性动词。
常见的短暂性动：come,leave, go ,die , begin , see ,buy ,borrow , join , lend 等，它们不能直接与段时间连用。那么，当短暂性动词与一段时间连用时，就要转化为延续性动词。
短暂性动词转化为延续性动词一览表
buy | have |
borrow | keep |
catch/get a cold | have a cold |
come | be |
become | be |
go | be |
put on | wear |
join the army | be in the army /be a soldier |
go to school | be a student |
die | be dead |
begin | be on |
leave | be away |
fall asleep | be asleep |
close | be closed |
列句：
1. 他离开这儿已经六天了。
He has been away from here for 6 days / since 6 days ago.
2. 他父亲死了3年了。
His father has been dead for 3 years / since 3 years ago.
=It’s 3years since his father died.
=His father died 3 years ago.
注意：
非延续性动词可以在现在完成时的否定句中作谓语，并可以与for，since引导的时间状语连用，表示动作的延续过程。
比如：He hasn’t borrowed any books for half a year.
现在完成时中非延续性动词的转换
现在完成时是初中英语语法的重点之一。它表示过去发生的某一动作或存在的状态，一直持续到现在，并可以和以for或since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，也可以用在以“how long”提问的句子中，句子中的谓语动词一般为延续性动词。但是，有些动词所表示的动作是短暂的，这类动词叫做非延续性动词。如：come, go, reach, arrive, leave, borrow, buy, join, die, begin, start, finish等。在现在完成时的句子中，非延续性动词作谓语动词时，不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。
同学们在使用这两类动词作谓语动词时，常会出现错误。例如：
（误）Tom has bought the book for a week.
（正）Tom has had the book for a week.
（误）My father had joined the Party for ten years.
（正）My father has been in the Party for ten years.
如果要表示动作的连续性，就要把非延续性动词转换成相应的延续性动词或短语，具体转换如下：
come/go/reach/arrive→be in/at, leave→be away from, borrow→keep, buy→have, join→be in/be a member of, die→be dead, start/begin→be on, finish/end→be over, open→be open (adj.), close→be closed (adj.), marry→be married
注意：
1. 非延续性动词可以在现在完成时的否定句中作谓语，并可以与for，since引导的时间状语连用，表示动作的延续过程。例如：
She hasn’t bought any new clothes since last year.
2. 在现在完成时的肯定句中，非延续性动词作谓语时不能与for，since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，但可以用其他句式来表示同一个意思。例如：
He has been away from Beijing for two years.
= He left Beijing two years ago.
= It is two years since he left Beijing.
= Two years has passed since he left Beijing.
练习：用现在完成时改写下列句子，使A，B两句意思基本一致。每空限填一词。
1. A. They came to our school in 1980.
B. They ____ ____ ____ our school since 1980.
2. A. The man died five years ago.
B. The man ____ ____ ____ for five years.
3. A. The meeting began two minutes ago.
B. The meeting ____ ____ ____ for two minutes.
4. A. We borrowed two books last week.
B. We ____ ____ the two books for a week.
5. A. When did the train arrive here?
B. How long ____ the train ____ here?
