第一位特纳奖女艺术家

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Rachel Whiteread（瑞秋·怀特瑞德，生于1963年4月20日），英国艺术家，主要制作雕塑，通常采取的形式强制转换。她1993年获得特纳奖，是第一位得奖的女性艺术家。Rachel Whiteread的艺术创作中，最经典且最为任欣赏的就是负空间的玩法。

Rachel出生于伊尔福德，埃塞克斯，并住在埃塞克斯郡的乡村，直到她7岁的时候，全家搬到了伦敦。她的母亲也是一个艺术家，死于2003年，她的死对Rachel的工作产生深远的影响。

1982年至1985年怀特瑞德就读于布莱顿理工学院艺术和建筑学院，她毕业时拿的是绘画学士学位，但她花了很多时间在做雕塑。从1985年至1987年，她在伦敦大学学院斯莱德艺术学院学习雕塑，1987年硕士毕业。

Table, 1989.

她的首次个展在1988年，但她正式敲响艺术圈的大门，得到青睐，则是她在1990年时的作品Ghost“鬼魅”。咋看之下，雪白的石膏堆叠出一个建筑空间，看不出重点何在。其实，这是一间空屋的铸模。

Ghost,1990.

如何掌握看不到摸不着的“空间”？Rachel做法很直接，就是“打造空间”。我们常挂在口上的四个字，她直接做出来勒。她一层一层上模，一寸一寸留住墙面、地板、窗框、门片的痕迹，成了一块一块代表了室内“空气”的方砖。再将这些方砖循序堆叠，于是一个房子里的“空间”，无形的、透明的、飘忽地，被她“留住”并在另一空间“重现”。几行字轻描淡写制作过程，实际上是一场人仰马翻的浩大工程。当时，连水电都要靠邻居接济的Rachel，四处寻找资金，并多方寻觅合适的地点。最后，连下餐饭在哪都不知道的她，找到勒一个废弃的维多利亚（1837-1901）建筑里的一个房间，简单的四方空间里有一个暖炉，这时许多在伦敦求学的学生熟悉的场景：为了省钱，住在房东将客厅盖成房间，一个介于起居室和卧室之间的空间，同时吸纳了原有住民的公共空间记忆，和异地求学学生在大都市里暂且栖身的记忆。超过百年的老房子，墙面已经非常脆弱，Rachel在上模的过程中，还要时时修补墙面，这些过程，都在她的方砖上留下痕迹。火灭烟消的壁炉，电源开关，窗缘墙角，每一条直线斜缝，都如此精确真实。这是房子的年轮，这是房子的记忆，历史，鬼影。如同她自己说的，她试图将空气木乃伊化：“I try to mummify the air in the room.”

Untitled (Double Mattress Yellow), 1991.

Untitled (Double Amber Bed), 1991.

Untitled (Room), 1992.

Door, 1992.

Study for 'House', 1992.

1993年，她扩大了规模，她的野心是将东伦敦一座即将被拆毁的建筑整个上模、灌入水泥铸造。一桩三层楼的维多利亚住宅，原建筑物被拆毁后，Rachel在此重建了“看不见的房屋”，原住宅内部的空间轮廓。在已消失的主体位置上，如今矗立着内容物。这件作品引起两级评价。

House，1993.

Untitled (Sixteen Spaces), 1995 ,Resin (16 units) ,Dimensions variable.

Stairs, 1995.

Demolished, 1996,Set of 12 prints,55.4 × 80.8 cm.

1997年，她受前辈Bruce Nauman激发，做了一系列凝固椅下负空间的雕塑 Untitled (One Hundred Spaces)。

1998年，她将纽约一座水塔以合成树脂铸模而成，让水塔内的水剥除金属外壳，在阳光下闪耀半透明光泽。

Water Tower, 1998, Resin and steel,340.4 x 243.8 cm.

Untitled (Pair), 1999,Bronze with cellulose paint, in 2 parts,93 × 203 × 79 cm,Edition of 12.

Untitled (Bronze Floor), 1999-2000, Patinated bronze (98 tiles) ,50 x 50 cm each,350 x 700 cm.

2000年她制作了位于维也纳的犹太广场屠杀纪念碑，又称为Nameless Library，她将一座图书室用水泥重现，并将原本“向内”的四面书墙，向外反转，成了一座向大众展开的图书馆，旨在针砭焚书的暴行和纪念在纳粹大屠杀中惨遭不幸的犹太人。一本本再也打不开的书，一具具再也无法翻阅的灵魂。它的存在就是为了不断警惕人们牢记悲痛的历史。

Nameless Library，2000.

Black And White Floor, 2001.

Untitled (Fire Escape), 2002, Mixed media ,736 x 547 x 600.5 cm.

Untitled, 2002.

Stairs, 2003.

Secondhand, 2004,Stereolithography and acrylic box,18 × 23 × 28 cm,Edition of 400.

Study for Village – 1st, 2004.

Untitled, 2004,Ink and collage on graph paper,59.7 × 41.9 cm.

Untitled, 2004,Gouache, ink and collage on paper,15.2 × 10.2 cm.

Untitled, 2004,Ink and collage on graph paper,29.2 × 21 cm.

Untitled, 2004,Gouache and collage on paper,15.2 × 10.2 cm.

Untitled, 2004,Gouache and collage on paper,15.2 × 10.2 cm.

FOLDED, 2004,Plaster,10.2 × 29.2 × 38.7 cm.

IN OUT- II, 2004, Plasticised plaster with interior aluminum framework ,200.98 x 80.01 x 8.89 cm.

2005年，Tate美术馆将高达四五层楼的Turbine Hall交给Rachel，她运用一贯地“捕捉被容纳的空间”的手法，做出14000个被收纳在纸箱里的空间，Turbine Hall顿时成了记忆的仓库。一个一个雪白的聚乙烯方块，咋看之下难以分辨有何不同，仔细一看，就会发现每一个都留着原本纸箱的折痕印记，每一个都独一无二。

REMAINDER, 2005,Plaster,50.2 × 126.4 × 120 cm.

PRESSED, 2005,Plaster, steel and laminated wood (one table, twelve plaster units),108 × 120 × 65.4 cm.

UNIT, 2005,Plaster and wood,92.7 × 69.9 × 29.2 cm.

PROP, 2005,Plaster,205.1 × 81.3 × 38.7 cm.

TWO LEFT, 2005,Plaster,46 × 36.2 × 41.3 cm.

ATTIC, 2005,Plaster and wood (two wooden tables, eighteen plaster units),108 × 26.7 × 76.2 cm.

Untitled, 2005.

Study, 2005, Plaster and wood ,91.5 x 187 x 54 cm.

Cabinet II, 2006 ,Metal and plaster (one metal cupboard and 43 plaster units),45 x 47 x 44.4 cm.

Two Windows, 2007.

SIT, 2007-08,Plaster, pigment and steel (seven units and one chair),75.6 × 48.3 × 49.5 cm.

Untitled (Hive) I, 2007-08,Resin (two parts),81.6 × 50.6 × 64 cm.

Untitled, 2007-08,Plaster, pigment, resin and bronze (four units),26.4 × 24.4 × 21.6 cm.

YELLOW EDGE, 2007-08,Plaster, pigment and resin (four units),19.5 × 38.6 × 47 cm.

Untitled (Mix), 2007-08,Plaster, pigment and resin (thirty-nine units),32.1 × 67.6 × 61 cm.

YELLOW, YELLOW, BLUE, 2007-08,Plaster, pigment, resin, wood and metal (five units, one shelf),14.9 × 60 × 24.9 cm.

GREEN MODEL, 2007-08,Plaster, pigment, resin, stainless steel, wood and metal (twelve units, one shelf),38.1 × 89.9 × 24.9 cm.

YELLOW MODEL, 2008,Plaster, pigment, resin, wood and metal (seven units, one shelf),14.4 × 39.8 × 20 cm.

Untitled, 2008,Plaster, pigment, stainless steel, wood and metal (three units, one shelf),28.9 × 39.8 × 20 cm.

FELL, 2008,Plaster, pigment, resin and bronze (twelve units),17.5 × 140 × 68.1 cm.

'139', 2008,Plaster, pigment, resin, wood and metal (four units, one shelf),18.6 × 39.8 × 20 cm.

CAIRN, 2008,Plaster, pigment, resin and stainless steel (five units),17.5 × 27.5 × 23.8 cm.

GHOST, GHOST I, 2008,Polyurethane (fourteen parts),76.5 × 84.8 × 62.5 cm.

WHITE, YELLOW, RED, 2008,Gouache, pencil and collage on paper,66 × 85.1 × 4.1 cm.

GREEN, BLACK, GREEN, 2008,Gouache, pencil and collage on paper,66.4 × 85.1 cm.

Metallic, Black, Yellow, 2008,Gouache, pencil and collage on paper,55.9 × 76.2 cm.

COLOURS, 2008,Plaster, pigment, wood and metal (ten units, one shelf),18.1 × 39.8 × 20 cm.

Untitled (Nets), 2009,Screenprint,32 × 125 cm,Edition of 75.

Lamp, 2009,Bronze, porcelain, light bulb,41.4 × 8.4 × 8.4 cm,Edition of 60.

Squashed, 2010,Mixografía? print on handmade paper,68.6 × 94 cm,Edition of 42.

50 Stone, Cement, Plaster, 2010,Gouache and pencil on graph paper,58.9 × 84.1 cm.

Untitled (I), 2010,White concrete,44 × 44 × 37.3 cm.

5 Stone, Cement, Plaster, 2010,Gouache and Pencil on graph paper,21.1 × 29.5 cm.

Untitled 01 from 12 Objects, 12 Etchings, 2010,Etching,39 × 37.5 cm.

Untitled 02 from 12 Objects, 12 Etchings, 2010,Etching,39 × 37.5 cm.

Untitled 10 from 12 Objects, 12 Etchings, 2010,Etching,39 × 37.5 cm.

Untitled 13 from 12 Objects, 12 Etchings, 2010,Etching,39 × 37.5 cm.

Untitled (Mauve), 2012,Silver leaf, cardboard, celluloid, and graphite on paper,42.1 × 29.5 cm.

Untitled (Blue), 2012,Silver leaf, cardboard, celluloid, and graphite on paper,42.1 × 29.5 cm.

Untitled (Yellow), 2012,Silver leaf, cardboard, celluloid, and graphite on paper,42.1 × 29.5 cm.

Circa 1610, 2012,Resin,178 × 81 × 5.1 cm.

Circa 1665, 2012,Resin,211.9 × 84 × 8.6 cm.

Detached I, 2012,Concrete and steel,200 × 171.9 × 109.1 cm.

Detached II, 2012,Concrete and steel,194 × 172.3 × 234 cm.

Detached III, 2012,Concrete and steel,196.1 × 171.9 × 294 cm.

LOOK, LOOK, LOOK, 2012,Resin,189.5 × 39.5 × 14.9 cm.

Box, 2013,Bronze,57 × 33 × 31 cm.

Ocular (I), 2013,Resin,49.1 × 49.1 × 9.5 cm.

Clerestory II, 2014,Resin (two parts).