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难句一般在阅读、完型填空中出现，无论句子有多长、结构有多复杂，它都由一些基本的成分组成的。从结构来说，英语句子中，除了谓语之外，其它的成分均可以由从句或者非谓语动词来充当。从句子本身是一个完整的句子，因此，从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、套嵌，也可能并列，平行。从功能来说，英语有三大复合句，即:①名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;②形容词性从句，即我们平常所说的定语从句;③状语从句。非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态（过去分词除外），也可以跟自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等成分，构成一个非谓语动词结构。由于非谓语动词和从句的这些特点，使英语句子从理论上讲可以无限延长。 回顾前几次讲到的英语长难句的分析方法：找谓语，定主语；提主干，去枝叶（从句等）；寻关联，辩逻辑；看搭配，防分离；关键词，抓线索。 具体阐述如下： 1）划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句; 2）划出所有介词短语（位于be动词后的除外）； 3）名词性从句看作一个整体,找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词; 4）非谓语动词结构看作一个整体； 5）找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干； 6）分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构。 实战演练 Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But despite some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does produce short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, boosting heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to sustain, a good laugh is unlikely to have measurable benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does. In fact, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the opposite. Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter relaxes muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down. Such bodily reaction might conceivably help moderate the effects of psychological stress. After all, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of physical feedback that improve an individual’s emotional state. According to one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted in physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry because they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also precedes tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow from muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to hold a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips, which would produce a disappointed expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles reacted more exuberantly to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, suggesting that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. Similarly, the physical act of laughter could improve mood. 长难句解析： 1. Laughter does produce short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, boosting heart rate and oxygen consumption. 解析：这个句子中出现的一个主要结构就是现在分词短语做结果状语，而且这时的现在分词短语完全可以转换成一个非限制性定语从句，以整个前面的主句为先行词。这样的结构，本篇文章中还有三处： a. Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter relaxes muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down. b. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to hold a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile — or with their lips, which would produce a disappointed expression. c. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles reacted more exuberantly to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, suggesting that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. 这种结构在理解时，可以用个冒号把结果状语和主句分隔开来。 个人翻译：笑的确给心血管功能带来短期变化：使心跳加速和耗氧量增加。
知识拓展：现在分词短语作结果状语的用法 a. 句子的主谓部分与分词之间含有逻辑上的因果关系，如：Winter in India sets in November and continues until February, permitting the cultivation of wheat. b. 表示结果的现在分词短语通常放在句子的后头，其前常有一逗号隔开，分词短语前有时可加上副词thus或thereby（因而、因此）。如：Carbon burns in oxygen or air, thereby forming carbon dioxide. c. 这种作结果状语的现在分词短语的逻辑主语可以是句子的主语，也可以前边的整个句子。因而，在前一中情况下现在分词短语相当于由and连接的并列谓语；在后一中情况下现在分词短语相当于一个非限制性定语从句。例如：He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. = … and broke it into pieces. / Plant height was highly correlated with(有密切的关系) maturity(成熟), indicating that population with short stems tends to be early in maturity (=which indicated that population with short stems tends to be early in maturity). 关于本篇的词语积累： 1. view…as…“把……看作……”。与此相似的短语还有consider/think of…as (to be)…以及regard…as…，它们都有“认为……是；把……认为是/看作……”的意思。 2. boost v. n. 增加, 提高；促进, 改善；提升；抬高(价格) boost是“提升，增强，推进”这类表示更大更强意义的词，要记的话，可以记 booster“推进器”这个词，然后在脑海中想想航天飞机后的那个巨大喷气式的推进器，这样就印象深刻了。这叫联想记忆法。booster 就是在 boost后面加上名词后缀-er 而成，记住booster 这个“推进”的概念后，boost的意思就好记了。 3. sustain v. vt. 支撑，撑住；维持，持续，经受，忍耐。这个词有种“辛苦支撑，勉强维持”的感觉在里面。 a. sustain 做“持续，维持”讲时，可以和 last“持续”、persist“坚持不懈，持续”及insist“坚持认为，坚称，主张”一起记忆。 b. sustain 做“支撑”讲时，可以和support“支持，支撑”一起记忆。 c. sustain 做“经受，忍耐”讲时，可以和bear“忍受，容忍；负担；结果实，生子女”、 endure“忍受，持久，持续”、put up with“忍受, 容忍”和tolerate“容忍，默许；对(药物、毒品等)有耐力”一起记忆，这几个词和短语都有“不喜欢但勉为其难忍受”的含义。 4.
strain v.
拉紧；紧张；扭伤；竭尽全力 n.
拉紧；负担。这个词有“碰到困难，因而紧紧巴巴、艰难应对”的意思。 5. muscle tone 肌肉紧张度，肌肉张力 6.
conceivably adv.
令人信服地，可以想象得到的 7.
moderate adj.
有节制的，中等的，适度的，温和的，稳健的；v.
(使)减轻[缓和];
节制 8.
precede v.
领先(于)，在(……之前)；优先，先于
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