定语从句

定语从句的概念

　　　　在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

　　　　二、定语从句的关系词

　　　　引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

　　　　三、定语从句的分类

　　　　根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。

　　　　四、关系代词的用法

　　　　1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

　　　　Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）

　　　　The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）

　　　　2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

　　　　The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）

　　　　The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）

　　　　3.who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如：

　　　　The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）

　　　　Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语）

　　　　注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who， that， which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：

　　　　This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。

　　　　Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。

　　　　（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：

　　　　This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。

　　　　（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：

　　　　The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。

　　　　（4）关系词只能用that的情况：

　　　　a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

　　　　He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。

　　　　b.被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

　　　　Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？

　　　　c.先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用wwhich.例如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？

　　　　c.先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

　　　　This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。

　　　　d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用which.例如：

　　　　I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。

　　　　e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：

　　　　Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？

　　　　f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：

　　　　There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。

　　　　（5）关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：

　　　　a.先行词为that， those时，用which， 而不用that.例如：

　　　　What’s that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？

　　　　b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：

　　　　This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。

　　　　c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which， 而不用that.例如：

　　　　Tom came back， which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。

　　　　五、关系副词的用法

　　　　（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：

　　　　This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。

　　　　（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：

　　　　This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。

　　　　（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：

　　　　Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。

在复合句中 ， 修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 ， 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词 ， 引导定语从句的有关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词where, when, why等 ， 关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。

1.由who引导的定语从句中 ， who用作主语 ， 如 ： This is the boy who often helps me.

2.由whom引导的定语从句中，whom用作宾语，如：The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.

3.由whose引导的定语从句中 ， whose用作定语 ， 如 ： Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?

4.由which引导的定语从句中，which用作主语或谓语动词的宾语或介词的宾语，如：

The room in which there is a machine is a work shop.

The river which is in front of my house is very clean.

This is the pen which you want.

注意 ：

(1)whom, which用作介词宾语时 ， 介词可放在 whom、which之前 ， 也可放在从句原来的位置上；但在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。如： He is the very person whom we must take good care of.

(2)引导非限制性定语从句时，必须用关系代词which，不用that,如：I have lost

my bag, which I like very much.

(3)关系代词在句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。

5.由that引导的定语从句中，that可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语，如：

The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.

注意在下面几种情况下必须用 that引导定语从句。

(1)先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等 ， 如 ：

All that we have to do is to practise English.

(2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，如

The first letter that I got from him will be kept.

(3)先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰 ， 如

I've eaten up all the food that you gave me.

(4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时如

He is the only person that I want to talk with.

(5)先行词既有人又有物时，如:

They talked about persons and things that they met.

(6)当句中已有who时 ， 为避免重复 ， 如 ： Who is the man that is giving us the

class?

6.由when, where, why引导的定语从句，如:

I don't know the reason why he was late.

This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.

I'll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.

注意：先行词是表示地点时，如果从句的谓语动词是及物的，就用 that(which)，如果从句的谓语动词是不及物的，就用where引导。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)

7. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

(1)限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, of which等，这些关系代词都不能省略。

(2)非限制性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明 ， 没有这种从句 ， 不影响主句意思的完整 ， 一般用逗号把主句和从句分开 ， 关系代词用 which,不用that;指人时可用who,如 ： I have two brothers, who are both students.

8．如何简化定语从句

（1）.定语从句简化为形容词或形容词短语作后置定语。如:
My grandfather lives in a village that is far away from here.

→My grandfather lives in a village far away from here.我祖父住在离这儿很远的一个村子。
This is a book that is worth reading.

→This is a book worth reading. 这是一本值得看的书。
（2） 定语从句简化为现在分词或现在分词短语作前置或后置定语。
The man who is standing under the tree is our English teacher.

→The man standing under the tree is our English teacher.

站在树下面的那个人是我们的英语老师。
I saw the house that was burning at that time.→I saw the burning house at that time.

当时我看到那房子在燃烧。
（3）定语从句简化为过去分词短语作后置定语。
I like to see the films which are directed by Zhang Yimou.→I like to see the films directed by Zhang Yimou. 我喜欢看张艺谋导演的电影。
She is the girl who was praised at the school meeting.→She is the girl praised at the school meeting. 她就是在校会上受表彰的那个女孩。
（4）定语从句简化为不定式作后置定语。
He is always the first person that comes to school.→He is always the first person to come to school.他总是第一个到校。
The report which will be given tomorrow is important to us.→The report to be given tomorrow is important to us. 明天要作的报告对我们很重要。
（5）定语从句简化为what 从句。
I couldn't remember the words that he said.→I couldn't remember what he said.

我记不得他说的话。

 

【典型例题解析】

例 1 The second book ______I want to read is Business @ the Speed of Thought.

A. which B. what C. that D. as

解析 先行词 book被序数词修饰时要用that引导定语从句，故选C。

例 2 I'll never forget the days _____I stayed with you.

A. when B. in which C. that D. for which

解析 本题指时间，故选 A。

例 3 The book______ is sold out at the moment.

A. you need B. what you need

C. which you need it D. that you need it

解析 B、C、D中的what和it与先行The book相抵触 ， 故选 A。

例 4 Is this the place ______Lincoln once lived.

A. that B. which C. where D. when

解析 本题指地点，故选 C。

例 5 I'm one of the boys _________  never late for school.

A. that is B. who are C. who am D. who is

解析 本题中 who用作主语，谓语动词与先行词the boys保持一致，故选B。

【选讲例题】

例 6 Her sister,______ you met at my home, was a teacher of English.

A. whom B. that C. which D. who is

解析 非限制性定语从句中 ， 关系代词用 which,不用that,但指人时用who或whom.故选A。

例 7 These book are for students _____ mother language is not English.

A. of whom B. that C. which D. whose

解析 whose引导的定语从句中,whose用作定语，故选D。