英语阅读理解的基本方法技巧-百度文库

昵称28368027 2015-10-17

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英语阅读理解的基本方法技巧

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阅读理解的基本方法技巧

1 快速阅读的基本方法技巧

从考试角度考虑，阅读理解的关键要抓两点：一是答题迅速，二是准确无误。因此阅读考试需要解决的一个根本问题就是如何在有限的时间内高效率地完成阅读题。换言之，怎样才能做的又好又快——这就少不了快速阅读的方法技巧。常见的快读方法有计时阅读（Timed Reading）、略读（Skimming）、寻读（Scanning）、意群阅读(Sense Group Reading) 等。我们在此向大家一一介绍这些方法技巧。

A. 意群快速阅读

所谓“意群”也即是有意义的语法结构（英语称作sense groups），通常为词组、短语。顾名思义，“意群阅读法”也就是按词组、短语在文中的组合意义整体阅读，而不是单个的词汇阅读。我们知道，词是语句的基本组成单位，意群是语句的基本构成单元。单个词并无多大意义，只有组合起来，在上下文关系中形成特殊的意群，才能获得特殊的、确定的意义。

由此可见，意群阅读是提高阅读效率、把握文章整体的关键。因此，我们在阅读文章的时候，目光不应当停留在每个单词上，而应当放在中心词上，把目光集中在意群的中心，从一个意群中心词到另一个意群中心词，这样的意群整体扫描是提高阅读速度的行之有效之法。

汉语常常用“一目十行”来形容某人读书速度快。英语的阅读训练有素者同样能达到这一境界。但对于一般的普通读者来说，能做到“一目数词”也相当不错了。慢不一定就准，阅读速度慢的人的阅读模式类似小学低年级学生读课本，看一个字读一个字，然后再想这个字的意思。这样的阅读方法目光再快也跟不上AAA测试的速度。因此，要提高阅读速度，就得根除逐字阅读的坏习惯。而按意群阅读，既能提高目光的效率，又有利于整体思维，连词成句。

下面读者不妨自己做这样一个比较，先按逐字阅读的习惯方法阅读以下段落，看看要用多少时间。

Many small cultural groups live in places far away from modern cities. Some of these tribes have never had any communication outside of their small geographical areas. When they do contact the outside world, their lives usually change. Learning how to change without losing the best of their own cultures is a problem for them. How can primitive cultures learn to live in a technological world？How can they do this without becoming lost？（75词）

然后再用意群阅读法阅读下面同一段落，看看共花多少时间。为了便于阅读，我们用分隔号“／”把句中的一个个意群隔开。

Many small cultural groups／live in places／far away from modern cities.／Some of these tribes have never had／any communication／outside of their small geographical areas.／When they do contact／the outside world,／their lives usually change.／Learning how to change／without losing the best／of their own cultures／is a problem for them.／How can primitive cultures／learn to live／in a technological world？／How can they do this／without becoming lost？（18个意群）

Most of the people ／who appear most often and most gloriously／ in the history books ／are great conquerors and generals, whereas the people ／who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all. ／We do not know ／who first set a broken leg, ／or launched a seagoing boat, ／ or calculated the length of the year? ／but we know all about ／the killers

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and destroyers. ／People think a great deal of them, ／so much so that ／on all the highest pillars in the great cities of the world ／you will find ／the figure of a conqueror or a general. （114词）

显而易见，采用“意群阅读法”能一眼同时看到三个词或五个词，甚至更多的词。这样就大大节省了阅读的时间，起到事半功倍的作用。

B. 略读

略读又称浏览或掠读，就是迅速地阅读，以求抓住文章的梗概。略读的目的是为获得大意或者总体印象而进行阅读。略读作为一种快速阅读技巧对我们来说并不陌生。这就像我们看报纸时，几版、十几版的页面不可能一字不漏地往下看，只能用最快的速度找出主题，略掉一些无关紧要的细节或与主题不甚相干的部分，知道其中的大概内容即可。这种方法要求我们不要把眼睛盯在具体的每个单词上，而是要看篇章中的主题句或者是从篇章的结构着手，利用自己的推理能力，对文章的信息进行分析，从而归纳总结出主题。善于略读的人会有选择地阅读，跳过一些无关的句子、段落甚至是整页的内容，只看自己感兴趣的东西。训练有素的略读者的阅读速度可以达到每分钟1000个词以上。略读的关键在于一个“略”字，注意力应该集中在大意，而不是细节上。试以下文为例：

Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me here and there.

I have sought love, first because it brings ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what at last I have found.

With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux.

Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberated in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.

This has been my life, I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.

使用略读法，我们的目光只去捕捉以下关键的字眼：

第一段：Three passions,..., have governed my life: (l)the longing for love, (2)the search for knowledge, (3) unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind;

第二段：I have sought love because (l) it brings ecstasy… ? (2) it relieves loneliness…? (3) I have seen….the vision of the heaven?

第三段：With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to (l) understand …? (2) to know why the stars shine…. And I have tried to apprehend ….

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第四段：Love and knowledge…led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. …I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.

第五段：This has been my life, …and would gladly live it again.

这样一来，大大减轻了阅读的负担，一篇近300词的文章，阅读其中的100个词就能概括全部的内容。略读归纳起来也就两句话：抓主谓结构，看前后衔接。

C. 寻读

所谓“寻读”，就是通过目光扫视，以最快的速度从一篇文章中披沙拣金，迅速寻找出你所期望得到的某一具体情况、数据等。以日常生活为例。假如你要买一台价格适中、性能良好的计算机，你可浏览有关计算机广告。各种广告林林总总，品牌不同、功能各异、价格不等。你便可先从价格上考虑，通过寻读，找出几个你准备买的型号，然后从性能、信誉上进行比较，最选中你想买的那一台。同理，寻读法也常见于阅读考试的细节题中。这种方法的特点是有的放矢，为我所用。譬如根据提问查找某一人名、地名，某一件事发生的年月或其他类似的情况。阅读理解的细节题寻读技巧利要是用得当，往往会省时省事，答案迅速而准确。

1) 细读首段，理解大意快读

2) 看六选项，熟悉内容略读

3) 先易后难，尝试掂量寻读

4) 前后参照，敲定答案细读

2 如何识别信号词

A. 什么是信号词

所谓“信号词”(Signal Words) 是指一些在阅读中起着信号提示的词语。这些词语预示着将要读到的内容与上下文存在什么样的关系，或具有什么样的逻辑意思。因为我们知道，文章的句子不是无序地排列，而是按照一定关系，有目的、有规律地组织起来的。注意信号词能使我们了解作者的思路，理顺该句与上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而提高阅读理解的效率和准确率。请看下面这一段落：

In that mill, I learned the process of making paper. First, the logs are put in the shredder. Then, they are cut into small chips and mixed with water and acid. Next, they are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp to be cleaned. It is also chemically bleached to whiten it. After this, it is passed through rollers to flatten it. Then, sheets of wet paper are produced. Finally, the water is removed from the sheets which are pressed, dried and refined until the finished paper is produced.

作者通过表示先后顺序的信号词first, then, next, after this, then 和finally, 有条不紊地描述出造纸工艺的整个过程。

B. 信号词的类别

信号词可以归纳为下面几种：

l）表示递进的信号词：

after all, also, again, and then, as well as, further more, additionally, in addition, in other words, moreover, to repeat等；

2）预示有相同或类似内容的信号词：

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and, also, moreover, further, likewise, in addition, besides, similarly, as well as, the same as等；

3）预示有不同或相反内容出现的信号词：

but, however, while, whereas, on the other hand, on the contrary, as apposed to, to the opposite, otherwise等；

4）表示因果关系的信号词：

as, for, since, because, as a result, consequently, thus, so, therefore, for this reason, so that, thereby等；

5）表示条件性的信号词：

if, in case, assuming that, on condition that, on the supposition that, provided that等；

6) 表示总结性内容的信号词：

in short, in a word, in brief, briefly, in conclusion, as a result, in sum, to sum up, by and large, to conclude等；

7) 表示先后关系顺序的信号词：

before, after, another, first, next, then, last, finally, afterwards, later on, since then, eventually, in the end, at last等；

8) 表示解释、举例说明关系的信号词：

for example, for instance, such as, to illustrate, evidently, obviously, in other words, that is to say, the same as等；

9) 表示目的的信号词：

in order to, in order that, so that, so as to, for the purpose that等。

要是我们能把握住其中的黑体字信号词，那么将有助于全文的理解，提高做题的效率。

3如何猜测不认识的词语

在阅读文章的过程中，考生面临最大的问题是遇到不认识的单词或短语，或者认识的单词在文章中有了新的含义。如果这些词或短语不影响对文章主要内容的理解，考生便可以将它们略过，不中断阅读。如果这些词语的意思对正确理解文章很重要，就必须根据上下文的联系，根据构词法或其他方法对它们的意义进行猜测，使之不影响对整篇文章的理解。猜测词义通常可采用以下几种方法。

A. 利用上下文确定词义

通过上下文来猜测词意是阅读考试中最常用的重要手段之一，联系上下文可以帮助我们理解句子，确定词义。下面我们通过一些实例来简要说明如何通过上下文来确定词义。

例1：He is successful as a businessman because of his dynamic personality. He seems to have unlimited energy.

对于dynamic一词大家可能不熟悉，下文的He seems to have unlimited energy（他似乎有用不完的劲）就是对 dynamic词义的解释。这样，我们便知道该词意为“有干劲的”。

例2： A first-year college or university student is commonly a 'freshman', and ?sophomore?, 'junior? and 'senior' designate the second—third—and fourth—year student.

要是对sophomore, junior 和senior几个术语不熟悉，通过后面的对应解释词语the second—third—and fourth—year student我们便不难知道它们分别是指二、三、四年级的大学生。

例3：The tired soldiers trudged through knee-deep mud for hours before they found a dry place to sleep.

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通过后面的through knee-deep mud（没膝深的泥浆），我们知道trudged一词的意思为与行走这一动作有关，在泥浆中行走，也就是“跋涉”。

下面我们联系上下文，试确定以下各句中斜体字的含义。

1. The woman and the children were skilful in boats too, but there were usually several of them in a large boat called umiak.

2. The doctor said that if a person ate even one leaf of the hemlock plant, he would die, because the plant is a deadly poison.

3. Although dogs and cats often have large families, rabbits are famous for the size of their litters, which sometimes number more than twelve bunnies at one time.

4. Mark became hysterical when his basketball team won, and he did not calm down for several days.

5. With mud from head to toe, flowers still clutched in his hand, John looked so ludicrous that we couldn?t help laughing.

6. A bee collects nectar not in its own stomach but in a kind of shopping bag (called the honey sac) similar to the one ants have.

7. Several generations ago, the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything is in a state of turmoil.

8. After the first time someone tried to rob him, the banker became flustered easily, and in his confusion he would make many careless errors.

9. Jane was intrigued by the behavior of animals; she could sit for hours observing a bird making a nest or an ant carrying a leaf.

10. Some chimps are very independent and appear to be the superior members of a group; others seem to be ruled by the leaders and are quite submissive.

通过上串下联，我们不难确定上述各句中斜体字的含义如下：

1. umiak n. 一种大船

2. hemlock n. 一种有毒植物（毒芹）

3. litter n.一窝 bunnies小兔子

4. hysterical a.歇斯底里，异常兴奋

5. ludicrous a..滑稽可笑的

6. nectar n.花蜜 honey sac蜜胃

7. turmoil n.混乱

8. flustered a.慌乱的

9. intrigued a.感兴趣

10. submissive a.顺从的

B. 利用构词法确定词义