卓越道德的美德的基本问题

卓越道德的美德的基本问题

中国社会科学网 2015-12-16 08:57

On the Basic Problems of the Virtue of Excellent Morality

作者简介：唐代兴(1956- )，男，四川广安人，四川师范大学政治教育学院教授、硕士生导师，著有《生境伦理学》等；唐梵凌，四川师范大学 政治教育学院，四川 成都 610066

内容提要：美德以道德为基础，是对道德的卓越。美德对道德的卓越，其实质是对品德和习惯的卓越。品德是道德他律达向道德自律的内驻方式，并构成美德的主体前提：品德是衔接道德与美德的中介，是道德自律的凝聚形态和美德自励的动力因素。品德之所以具有此双重功能，是因为其涵养德性之内在要求。美德的内在生成方式是涵养德性，美德的外化张扬方式是性情生活和个性自由，其行为类型是无私奉献和自我牺牲，其根本方法是乐道。而自励助他和个性作为却是对乐道方法的实践运用：自励助他，是人人举手可为的日常生活的美德方法；个性作为，是社会精英创造文明世界和意义生活的美德方法。

The virtue of virtue is the moral excellence.Virtue is a moral excellence,and its essence is the excellence of character and habit.Morality is moral heteronomy reached to the moral self-discipline in the way,and constitutes the subject prerequisite to virtue:character is the interface between the intermediary of morality and virtue,moral self-discipline of agglomerate morphology and virtue of self excitation power factors.Moral character has the dual function,because of the inherent requirements of the virtue of its conservation.The internal generation of virtue is virtue cultivation,virtue of external publicity is nature life and freedom of personality,the type of behavior is selfless dedication and self sacrifice,and the fundamental method is Ledao.And self-excitation and help others as well as personality conduct are the practice of Ledao methods:self-excitation and help others are the virtue method that everyone can do in the daily life; personality conduct is the method of virtue that the social elite create the civilization of the world and the significance of life.

伦理学讨论两个问题：道德和美德。对道德问题的讨论，是为达成一种道德共识，构建起伦理的共守原则与规范；对美德问题的讨论，是要达成一种美德共识，构建起伦理的个性修为路径与方法。本文尝试讨论美德的基本问题，意在于达成一种共识。

一、美德·品德·善恶

C.斯旺顿在《美德伦理学：一种多元论观点》中认为：“一项美德是一种好品质，更具体地说，是以极好极善良的方法对某方面的条款做出反应或承认的意向。”[1](P77)美德不仅是一种品质，更是一种行为方式。要辨别这种品质和行为方式，需要厘清美德与德性、善恶的关系。