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认识论：[源自希腊文episteme（知识）和logos（理论）；在字面上，是指知识论]“认识的”是它的形容词，即对知识的获得。“认知学”有时也用作认识论的同义词，或用于指探究知识的科学方法。认识论也等同于“知识学”，后者来自希腊文genoskein（知道）。认识论通常开始于试图驳斥怀疑论，证明知识是可能的，然后进一步阐明知识的性质和范围，对知识的标准分析认为它是被证明为真的信念。这基本上是由柏拉图最初被提出的一个定义，尽管它最近受到了“盖梯尔问题”的挑战。由于这种定义，哲学家们始终在努力分析知识与信念、知识与真理、知识与辨明之间的关系。这最后一个特别核心的问题。在某种意义上，认识论特别关注得到证实的信念问题，而不是知识本身。认识论的另一个主要问题是关心知识的起源，即评价感觉和理性在知识获得中的作用。在这个问题上，哲学家们被分为理性主义者和经验主义者，以柏拉图、笛卡尔和莱布尼茨为代表的理性主义把理性看做是知识的来源，而以洛克、休谟等人为代表的经验主义认为，经验是真理的来源。康德试图调和两者，认为知识只有通过结合先天直觉与执行概念和表象概念才是可能的。当代认识论是由英美哲学支配的，基本上是经验主义的。伴随着语言哲学的发展，言语和意义成为重要的问题，由于认识论与心理学和心的哲学密切相关，知觉、记忆、想象、他人的心灵和错误都是主要论题。对归纳和先天知识的讨论也占主导地位，因为认识论与科学哲学同样密切相关。 “诸如人类知识的性质、起源和限度等问题，过去与现在都是认识论事业的动因。” ——莫泽和纳特：《人类知识》，1987年，第3页。 Epistemology [from Greek episteme,knowledge + logos, theory; literally, theory of knowledge] The adjective “epistemic”pertains to knowledge. Epistemics is sometimes used as equivalent toepistemology or is used to denote a scientific approach to knowledge.Epistemology is also equivalent to gnoseology (from Greek genoskein, to know). Epistemologygenerally starts with attempts to refute skepticism by justifying the claimthat knowledge is possible, and then proceeds to clarify the nature and thescope of knowledge. The standard analysis of knowledge claims that it isjustified true belief, a definition initiated essentially by Plato, although itis challenged most recently by Gettier’s problem. Because of this definition,philosophers have been working to analyze the relation between knowledge and belief,between knowledge and truth, and between knowledge and justification. The last issueis especially central. In a sense, epistemology pays more attention to theproblem of what it is to be justified in believing than to knowledge per se. Anothermain task of epistemology concerns the origin of knowledge, that is, to assessthe role of sense and reason in the acquisition of knowledge. Philosophers aredivided into rationalists and empiricists with respect to this issue. Rationalism,represented by Plato, Descartes, and Leibniz, takes reason to be the source ofknowledge, while empiricism, represented by Locke and Hume, argues that experienceis the source of truth. Kant attempted to reconcile both by claiming thatknowledge is possible only by the combination of our a priori intuitions and conceptsof the understanding and appearances. Contemporary epistemology is dominated byAnglo-American philosophy and is largely empirical. Corresponding to thedevelopment of the philosophy of language, speech and meaning become importantissues. Since epistemology is closely associated with psychology and the philosophyof mind, perception, memory, imagination, other minds, and error are majortopics. The discussions of induction and a priori knowledge are also prominent,in part through the association of epistemology with philosophy of science. “Questions such as these, about the nature, origin, and limits of humanknowledge, motivated the enterprise of epistemology, past and present.” ——Moser and Nat, Human Knowledge
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来自： The_Creator > 《哲思学意——每日哲学辞典》
