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如果这一阶段的危机得到积极解决,就会形成“希望”的品质,成年后性格倾向于乐观、信任、活跃、安祥等积极的人格特征;如果这一阶段的危机是消极解决,就会形成惧怕感,成年后性格倾向于悲观、多疑、抑郁、烦躁等消极的人格特征。婴儿的这种基本信任感是形成健康人格的基础,是以后各个阶段人格顺利发展的起点。
这一阶段要求父母等养育者(主要是母亲)在抚养孩子的过程中,应充分适当地满足孩子的生理需要,不宜过分满足和过分剥夺;同时,在满足程度和方式上要尽可能保持一致性、一贯性,不能随意转变,即使变化也要渐进地、有规律性地进行,使婴儿能很快适应。
Erikson believed that during this crucial stage of life it was important that a consistent and attentive caregiver meet an infant’s basic needs for nourishment and comfort. If the infant’s needs are met then the child will develop trust in himself and in the word around him, if not then he will grow to be distrustful, suspicious, and withdrawn.
In the worst-case scenario, a child could eventually grow to develop depression and even paranoia. It is also at the critical stage that a child develops his/her attachment pattern, which will affect all future relationships. Successfully completing this stage of development leads to feelings of hope and optimism.
如果这一阶段的危机得到积极解决,就会形成“意志”的品质,成年后性格倾向于坚强、独立、克制、自律等人格特征;如果这一分阶段的危机是消极解决,就会形成羞怯感,成年后性格倾向于意志薄弱、依附、随意、敷衍等消极的人格特征。
这一阶段要求父母等养育者对儿童的行为必须理智而耐心,适度控制同时给与一定的自由,并施以科学的训练,及时矫正不良行为。
Erikson believed that a toddler needed to be given the freedom to explore his world and that it was essential for caregivers to provide praise and positive support. Given this opportunity, a child would develop a feeling of independence. If not the child would learn to doubt himself.
Erikson believed that failure at this stage could later lead to feelings of obsessiveness or avoidance. Those who successfully completed this stage of development would gain a sense of determination and willpower.
如果这一阶段的危机得到积极解决,就会形成“目的”的品质,成年后性格倾向于自动自发、计划性、目的性、果断等积极的人格特质;如果这一阶段的危机是消极解决,成年后性格倾向于不思进取、无计划性、优柔寡断等消极的人格特质。目的在此的含义就是“正视、追求价值目标的勇气”。艾里克森认为个人未来在社会中所能取得的工作上、经济上的成就,都与儿童在本阶段主动性发展的程度有关。
这一阶段要求父母等养育者要充分鼓励和肯定儿童的主动性和想象力的充分发挥。这里值得一提的是要积极组织并引导儿童开展多种多样的游戏。
According to Erikson during this preschool period, a child begins to show initiative and imitate the actions of adults. If he is permitted and encouraged to do so he will develop initiative and later gain the virtues of purpose and courage. Failure at this stage would result in feelings of guilt and could later develop into antisocial (criminal) or narcissistic behavior.
如果这一阶段的危机得到积极解决,就会形成“能力”的品质;如果危机是消极解决,就会形成无能。艾里克森认为儿童的这种勤奋感的形成,对其成年后的社会工作和生活影响很大,将来对学习、工作和生活的态度和习惯,都可源于本阶段的勤奋感。
在性格的发展上这是一个相对平静的时期,作为父母和老师应教育儿童勤奋读书,参加社会活动,在各个感兴趣的领域尝试发现、培养和发展自己的才能,同时培养儿童的生活自理能力,积极参加各种社会公益活动,做一个对社会有用的人。
School age children begin to master skills and take on new challenges and activities. If a child is successful at this stage he will become industrious and gain self-worth. Failure to support a child's efforts at this stage can lead to feelings of inferiority and incompetence. Ultimate failure at this stage can lead to lifelong feelings of helplessness and low self-worth. Children who are successful at this stage acquire the virtue of confidence.
如果这一阶段的危机得到积极解决,就会形成“忠诚”即“不顾价值系统的矛盾坚持自己的信念”的品质;如果危机是消极解决,就会形成不确定性。同一性的形成标志着儿童期的结束和成年期的开始,标志着个体人格的成熟,只有建立了积极的同一性,才能顺利地度过青春期,也才能顺利地解决成年后三个阶段(结婚、立业、晚年)的性格发展任务。
This is the stage of adolescence and the goal here is to discover “who you are”. The teenager must discover his identity in terms of interests, goals, occupation, and sexual orientation. Teens that are successful at discovering their identity will know their place in the world and can move forward with a sense of purpose.
Those who do not generally remain confused about who they are and what exactly their role is. In the worst case, a person may forever suffer from a sense of 'role confusion' and a fragile self-image.
如果这一阶段的危机得到积极解决,就会形成“爱”即相互奉献的品质;如果危机消极解决,就会形成混乱的两性关系。艾里克森认为,发展亲密感对个体是否能满意地进入社会有着重要作用。
This is the stage where young people attempt to develop intimate relationships with friends and members of the opposite sex. Intimate relationships are those where we can be ourselves and allow ourselves to be vulnerable. If we are successful at navigating this stage of life, we learn how to love and be loved.
Erikson believed that failure at this stage could lead one to become either promiscuous or to isolate oneself from others and reject close relationships.
如果这一阶段的危机得到积极解决,就会形成“关心”的品质,如果危机消极解决,就会导致自私自利。
Generativity refers to the concern for future generations. One way which humans show generativity is by having and raising children. However, anyone who has made valuable contributions to society and has made a mark in the world shows generativity.
Individuals who are dissatisfied with their life and who have not achieved anything worthwhile become bitter, self-absorbed, and stagnate. Successfully negotiating this stage of life leads to feelings of love for future generations and all of mankind.
如果这一阶段的危机得到积极解决,就会形成“智慧”的品质,如果危机消极解决,就会有失望和毫无意义之感。
This is the stage where one reflects on his/her life. When one reaches the final stage of life the crisis is about accepting your life and feeling that you have lived thoroughly and loved thoroughly. Those who have will develop 'ego integrity' or a sense of acceptance about their life and they will not dread death.
Those who have failed to achieve their goals or who have serious regrets about the life they've lived will develop a feeling of despair and a greater fear of death. Wisdom is the ultimate virtue achieved at this stage of life.
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