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Of Studie 论读书
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. 读书足以怡养性情,给人以博雅，并增长才能。独居幽处之时，最能体会读书的乐趣；高谈阔论之中，最能展示读书的博雅；入世处事之际，最能显现读书的才能。有实际经验而没有学识的人，虽能判断或处理某些事物的细微末节，然纵观统筹、通权达变，还是好学深思的人才能胜任。 To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. 花太多时间读书是怠惰，过分炫耀学问是矫情，食古不化便是书呆子。读书能补天性的不足，经验能补读书的缺陷。天然的植物需要人工的修剪，人的本性离不开学问的诱导。纸上谈来终觉浅，如果不以经验来规范，就会大而不当。聪慧的人鄙示读书，浅薄的人想要读书，明智的人却能利用学问。然而学问本身并不以用处教人，至于如何运用它，功夫在书外而不在书内，全凭体察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，也不可盲信书中所说，也不可只为寻章摘句，而是应该推敲和思考。 Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh (makes) a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not. 有些书可浅尝辄止，有些书可囫囵吞枣，有些书则需细嚼慢咽。换句话说，有些书只需要粗解部分，有些书只需要大体浏览，少数书需要全神贯注，孜孜不倦地全面阅读。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作（笔记）使人精准。因此不常写作（笔记）的人须要有很强的记忆力，不常讨论的人须要天资聪颖，不常读书的人须要不学有术，不懂装懂，才能显无知而为有知。 Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. Nay there is no stand or impendiment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man''s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his witbe called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人精确，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑学和修辞学使人善辩。总之，读书能陶冶性情。不仅如此，读书还能祛除一切心理障碍，正如通过适当的运动而矫治身体的疾病。例如滚球有利于肾脏，射箭有利于胸肺，漫步有利于肠胃，骑术有利于头脑等等。因此，如果一个人心神不集中，可以让他学数学，在演算的过程中需要集中精力，稍有分散就需要重头再来。如果不能辨别异同，就该去读经院哲学，因为那些哲学家正是辨析入微之人。假若不善于处理事务，不能举一反三，最好让他去琢磨律师的案卷。所以说但凡有缺陷，都有一种特殊的救治良方。
行动起来，一起读《论语》 ◥◣◢◤◥◣◢◤ |
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