拉丁美洲和史诺登

Latin America and Edward Snowden
拉丁美洲和史诺登

South Americans in glasshouses
南美国家做贼喊抓贼

Jul 22nd 2013, 11:06 by H.C., P.G. and M.R. | BUENOS AIRES, CARACAS AND LONDON

FIRST came the clumsy actions by several European countries that denied  airspace to the official jet of Bolivia’s president, Evo Morales,  stranding him in Vienna for 14 hours earlier this month while the plane  was searched (fruitlessly) for Edward Snowden, the fugitive American  intelligence contractor. Then came revelations in O Globo, a Brazilian  newspaper, that according to documents supplied by Mr Snowden, the  United States has engaged in spying and surveillance operations against  many Latin American countries, especially Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and  Venezuela. The monitoring of internet and telephone communications, it  was claimed, was motivated not just by concerns about security issues  such as drug-trafficking, but also the search for commercial  information, such as details about the oil industry in Mexico and  Venezuela.
首先是幾個歐洲國家採取笨拙行動，拒絕讓玻利維亞總統莫拉勒斯（Evo  Morales）的專機飛越領空，本月初讓他停留在維也納長達十四小時，搜查逃亡的美國中央情報局外包技術人員史諾登（Edward  Snowden）是否藏身（結果證實一場烏龍）。接下來，巴西報紙《O  Globo》披露，根據史諾登提供的文件，美國針對很多拉美國家從事間諜和監控活動，尤其是巴西、哥倫比亞、墨西哥和委內瑞拉。監控網路和電話通訊，聲稱 美國方面的動機不只是在關切毒品交易等治安問題，還包括搜尋商業資訊，例如墨西哥和委內瑞拉的石油業詳細情況。

While reaction in Europe to similar news has been fairly muted—outside  Germany at least—Latin America’s left-wing presidents have seethed with  indignation. At a summit of the Mercosur trade block on July 12th,  Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff declared that “any act of espionage  that violates human rights, above all the basic right to privacy, and  undermines the sovereignty of nations, deserves to be condemned by any  country that calls itself democratic.” Cristina Fernández, her Argentine  counterpart, complained of “new forms of colonialism”. The Mercosur  leaders said they would withdrew their ambassadors from several European  countries. Brazil’s government said it would ask the United Nations to  take steps to protect the privacy of electronic communications.
雖然歐洲對於類似新聞的反應一直相當克制——至少德國除外——但拉美左派總統早已義憤填膺，同仇敵愾。七月十二日南方共同市場（Mercosur）高峰 會，巴西總統羅瑟芙宣佈「任何違犯人權，尤其基本的隱私權，並破壞國家主權的間諜行為，應當受到任何自稱民主國家的譴責」。阿根廷總統克莉絲蒂娜抱怨這是 「新形式的殖民主義」，Mercosur各國元首表示他們將召回派駐這些歐洲國家的大使。巴西政府表示，將要求聯合國採取措施保護電子通訊的隱私。

Certainly Mr Morales’s treatment was humiliating, smacked of colonial  arrogance and provoked widespread condemnation across the region, even  from those who might not share the description by Bolivia’s  vice-president, álvaro García Linera, that his boss had been “kidnapped  by imperialism”. José Miguel Insulza, the secretary-general of the  Organisation of American States, expressed “great indignation and  immense solidarity” for the “serious offence to a democratic president”.
當然，對待莫拉勒斯的方式簡直是羞辱、充滿殖民帝國傲慢，並在整個拉美地區引起一片譴責，甚至不贊同玻利維亞副總統álvaro García  Linera說法（自己的老闆曾遭「帝國主義綁架」）者也加入譴責行列。美洲國家組織（OAS）秘書長José Miguel  Insulza，這是「對於一位民選總統的嚴重冒犯」，他要表達「最大的氣憤並展現無限的團結」。

Even so, it is striking that just about the only governments around the  world that have shown official sympathy for Mr Snowden are in Latin  America. In some cases, that seems to owe more to anti-Americanism than  to a genuine passion for freedom of expression or objection to state  surveillance.
即使如此，很明顯的全球各地展現同情史諾登的政府卻僅限於拉丁美洲。其中有些個案，似乎更多歸因於反美情結，而非真誠熱愛言論自由或反對政府監控。

Behind the rhetoric of indignation lies both caution and hypocrisy.  Bolivia, Nicaragua and Venezuela have all said they would at least  consider offering Mr Snowden asylum. But with the possible exception of  Bolivia, a country whose economy has relatively few ties to the outside  world, it is doubtful whether any Latin American government really wants  to provoke the anger of the United States by harbouring Mr Snowden.  Brazil’s Ms Rousseff is due to make a long-awaited state visit to  Washington in October. Cuba’s Raúl Castro this month expressed his  solidarity with the complaints of Mr Morales and others, but notably did  not offer asylum to Mr Snowden. Mr Castro has shown recent signs of  wanting a more pragmatic relationship with the United States. His  government has ambitious plans for a free-trade zone at Mariel and a  cruise terminal in the port of Havana which appear to be predicated on  the possible easing of the American economic embargo against the island  sometime in the next few years.
在慷慨激昂的言論背後藏有謹慎和偽善。玻利維亞、尼加拉瓜和委內瑞拉皆已表達至少考慮提供史諾登政治庇護。但是由於玻利維亞可能退出，玻國經濟已經相對較 少仰賴拉美以外各國，任何拉美國家是否存心想要藉由庇護史諾登激起美國的憤怒仍令人存疑。巴西總統羅瑟芙將要在今年十月前往美國華府，進行等待已久的國是 訪問。古巴的小卡斯楚（Raúl  Castro）本月份表達他完全與莫拉勒斯等人的抱怨站在一起，但特別聲明不會提供史諾登庇護。最近已有跡象顯示，小卡斯楚想要與美國發展一種更務實的關 係。他的政府現在充滿了企圖心，打算在Mariel建立自由貿易區，並在哈瓦那港興建觀光遊艇碼頭，看起來可以斷定今後幾年美國過去經濟制裁古巴的措施可 能鬆綁。

Even Venezuela’s Nicolás Maduro might be quietly relieved if Mr Snowden  decided to stay in Russia, where last week he temporarily sought asylum.  Mr Maduro cannot afford to be seen to be any less of an  “anti-imperialist” than the late Hugo Chávez, his mentor; he has not yet  established his authority over the chavista movement. “We would almost  certainly grant asylum” to Mr Snowden, he said. But only days after he  narrowly won an election in April, Mr Maduro took steps to mend his  country’s relations with the United States. He appointed Calixto Ortega,  a moderate with good contacts in the United States, as chargé  d’affaires at Venezuela’s embassy in Washington. Last month, Venezuela’s  foreign minister met John Kerry, the US secretary of state; they agreed  to pursue relations based on “mutual respect” and to move rapidly  towards an exchange of ambassadors.
假若史諾登決定留在俄羅斯，上週他臨時在俄羅斯尋求庇護，委內瑞拉總統馬杜洛甚至可能暗地鬆了一口氣。馬杜洛在「反帝國主義」陣營內的領導能力也不能與前 總統查維茲同日而語；他尚未在「查家軍」集團樹立自己的威信。他表示，「我們幾乎一定會同意庇護」史諾登。但馬杜洛在今年四月補選險勝後才隔幾天，他立即 採取措施修補委內瑞拉與美國的外交關係。他任命與美國關係友好的Calixto  Ortega出任委內瑞拉駐美大使館代辦。上個月，委內瑞拉外交部長會晤美國國務卿克里，雙方同意基於「相互尊重」原則發展關係，迅速朝向兩國互派大使的 等級。

Whatever their protestations, most Latin American governments engage in  the practices that they are complaining about the United States  deploying. Julian Assange, the founder of WikiLeaks who has been a guest  at the Ecuadorean embassy in London for more than a year, recently  accused Argentina of having the “most aggressive surveillance regime in  Latin America.” Brazil’s intelligence agency was recently embarrassed by  media revelations that it had sent two agents to spy on Eduardo Campos,  a potential opponent of Ms Rousseff in next year’s presidential  election. Just about every political scandal in Brazil—and there are  many—involves unauthorised phone-tapping.
大多數拉美國家政府無論進行任何抗議，他們都會按照慣例抱怨美國在暗中搞鬼。維基解密（WikiLeaks）創始人亞桑奇（Julian  Assange）已經在厄瓜多駐倫敦大使館做客超過一年，他最近發言指控阿根廷是「拉丁美洲最積極進行監控的政體」。巴西情報局最近因媒體揭發而出糗，情 報局曾派兩名幹員臥底監控康波斯（Eduardo  Campos），明年總統大選羅瑟芙的可能對手。巴西——還有其他國家——幾乎每一件政治醜聞皆牽涉未授權的電話竊聽。

Venezuela’s government makes a practice of illegally bugging its  opponents. Even as Mr Maduro was praising Mr Snowden, the country’s  media were covering the latest scandal of this kind, in which the  information minister presented a heavily edited recording of a private  conversation involving an opposition legislator. The minister, Ernesto  Villegas, rejected complaints that his actions were in breach of a  constitutional guarantee of privacy. Both Mr Maduro and Mr Chávez have  frequently branded opponents who have sought asylum from persecution as  mere fugitives from justice, pressing countries where they have taken  refuge to hand them over. As foreign minister, Mr Maduro refused to  allow safe passage out of the country for a student leader, Nixon  Moreno, who had been granted diplomatic asylum by the Vatican. Mr Moreno  was eventually forced to flee to Peru.
委內瑞拉政府非法監聽政敵已經成了慣例。甚至當馬杜洛大力稱讚史諾登的同時，委內瑞拉媒體也正在報導最近發生的類似醜聞，資訊部長公布了一段經大幅剪輯的 錄音帶，內容是與一位反對黨國會議員的私人談話。這位部長Ernesto  Villegas否認外界指控他的行為已經破壞了憲法保障的隱私權。馬杜洛和查維茲兩人經常指責對手尋求庇護以避免迫害只是在逃避司法審判，施壓提供庇護 的國家要求交出他們。馬杜洛在擔任外交部長時曾拒絕讓學生領袖Nixon  Moreno安全通過順利出境，當時他已經取得梵諦岡的外交庇護。最終Nixon Moreno被迫流亡秘魯。

As for Bolivia, according to Valor Econ?mico, Brazil’s financial daily,  in October officials from Mr Morales’s government detained and searched a  plane used by Brazil’s defence minister, Celso Amorim. That was because  they thought that Roger Pinto, an opposition senator who was seeking  political asylum in Brazil, might have been on board. As Carl Meacham of  the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington  think-tank, puts it, there are only two differences between the  surveillance and espionage practices of Latin American countries and of  the United States. The first is their scale; the second “is that the US  got caught”.

至於玻利維亞，根據巴西財經報紙《Valor Econ?mico》，去年十月莫拉勒斯政府的官員曾經扣留並搜查一架巴西國防部長阿莫林（Celso  Amorim）使用的飛機。原因是他們認為正在巴西尋求政治庇護的反對黨參議員Roger  Pinto可能躲藏在飛機上。正如華府智庫戰略暨國際研究中心的Carl  Meacham表示，拉美國家和美國的監控和間諜行為其實只有兩點不同：首先是規模；其次「就是美國被抓到了」。

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