高考八大时态

一对一教学讲义

教师： 孙蒙 学生： 上课时间：

讲义内容： 语法八大时态

三、动词的时态和语态

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现在完成时

1. 现在完成时结构：

主语 助动词have(has) 动词过去分词

否定句：have/has后加not, haven’t/hasn’t

一般疑问句：前提have/has

2．现在完成时的概念：

1) 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

--Have you had your lunch yet?你吃过午饭了吗？

--Yes, I have. I have just had it. 是的，我刚吃过。 (现在我不饿了。)

I have already posted the photos. 我已经寄过这些照片。(这些照片已不在我这里了。)

2) 过去发生的事情，一直持续到现在（其谓语动词多是延续性动词或表示状态的词）。

I haven’t seen her these days. 近来我一直没见过他。

I’ve known Li Lei for three years. 我认识李雷已经三年了。

They have lived here since 1996. 他们自从1996年就住在这儿。

She has taught us since I came to this school. 自从我来这所学校，她就教我。

3. 现在完成时多与下列时间状语连用：

1) 用于―过去发生的事，对现在造成的影响或结果‖的时间状语有：

never(从未) ever(曾经→疑问句)

just(刚刚) before(以前)

2) 用于―过去发生的事，一直延续到现在‖的时间状语有：

for 时间段(for two years)

since two years ago

since since 2008

since he came here.

so far(目前;迄今为止) up to now=till now=by now到现在为止；直到现在 by the end of this year 到今年年末 【by the end of…到…末/结束】

by the end of this month到本月末

during the last (past) few years 在过去的几年中

in the last (past) months 在过去的几个月

already(已经→肯定句) yet(还;尚未→否/疑问句)

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现在完成时的时间状语

for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,

till / until, up to now, in past years, always,

不确定的时间状语

3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.

过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。

举例：

I saw this film yesterday.

（强调看的动作发生过了。）

I have seen this film.

（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）

Why did you get up so early?

（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）

Who hasn't handed in his paper?

（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）

She has returned from Paris.

她已从巴黎回来了。

She returned yesterday.

她是昨天回来了。

He has been in the League for three years.

(在团内的状态可延续)

He has been a League member for three years.

(是团员的状态可持续)

He joined the League three years ago.

( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)

I have finished my homework now.

---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?

---He's already been sent for.

句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。

（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

time 总是；一直 recently 最近 these days 近几天

3. have(has) been 和 have(has) gone 区分

1) have/ has gone (to) 表示某人已经去了某地，人不在这儿。

--Where is Jim? – He has gone to London. (人不在这儿，已去了London)

2) have/ has been (to) 表示曾经到过某地，但现在人已回来。

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I have been to Shanghai twice. 我到过上海两次。（以前去的上海，现在人已回来）

--Where have you been, Jim? 吉姆，你去了哪里？

--I have been to the library. 我去了图书馆。

3) have/has been in 地点 (adv. 去to) 在某处呆过多长时间 (现在还在那里) How long have you been here/there? I have been here/there for 10 years. 你在这里多长时间了？ 我在这里10年了。(现在还在)

Dashan has been in China since 20years ago. 大山自从20年前就在中国。(现在还在)

How long have been at this school? I have been here for over two years. 你在这所学校多长时间了？ 我在这里两年多了。 (现在还在)

【实践】

1. –____________ you ever ___________ _____________ Japan?

--Not yet! It’s such a beautiful city that I hope to go there some day.

2. –Where is Jimmy?

--He ___________ __________ ___________ the zoo. He’ll be back in half an hour

三、短暂性动词与持续性动词 在现在完成时中的运用

在现在完成时中, 短暂性动词一般不与时间段连用。即:不与for, since短语或how long问句连用。延续动词与瞬间动词

延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。

He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)

短暂性动词与时间段连用时，要转化成表示状态的词或短语。

1. She __________________ (leave) home last week.

2. She has already________________ (leave) home.

3. She_________________________________ home for a week.

A. has left B. left C. has been away D. has been away from

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4. How long has she ________________________ home?

A. left B. leaved C. been away from

1. The old man is________________ . He_____________________ ten years ago.

2. He has_______________________________ for ten years. (die/dead填空)

3. ( ) How long has he___________________________ ?

A. died B. been dead C. die D. been die

join the League 入团 join the Party 入党 join the army 参军

A: When did Zhao Lin __________________ the League?

B: He______________ the League last year.

He has ___________________the League for one year. 1. A: I____________________ a book from the library yesterday.

B: How long ___________ you____________________ it?

A: I can _______________ it for a week.

2. He ______________________ the dictionary since last week.

A. borrowed B. has borrowed

C. has kept D. kept

1. A: 我买了一辆自行车。I _____________ __________________a bike. B: 你买了多长时间了？How long ________________ you ___________ it? A: 我上个月买的。I ______________________ it last month.

2. I ______________________ this pair of skates for two years.

A. have bought B. have had C. bought

D. had

The movie _____________ (start) half an hour ago

. It ______________________ for thirty minutes.

A: When did the factory _______________?

B: It _______________ ten years ago.

B: It has ______________________

for ten years.

A: When did the shop_______________?

B: It ______________

a month ago.

B: It has _____________________ for a month.

arrive in/at... 到达，抵达 come to... 来到......

1) A: When did you ______________ in Shanghai?

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