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英语语法：八大时态分析 作者：乐尚辅导
1、一般现在时的用法 构成：一般现在时主要由动词原形构成，但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s， 另外 动词be 和 have 有特殊的人称变化形式 1) 表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用. 与一般现在时经常搭配的时间状语：sometimes,often,always,usually, twice a week, every week (day, year, month), on Sundays等 ●I leave home for school at 7 every morning. ●He watches TV once a week . 2) 表示普遍真理，客观存在，科学事实。 ●The earth moves around the sun. ●Shanghai lies in the east of 3) 格言或警句。 ●Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 ●Columbus proved that the earth is round.. 4) 表示现在时刻的状态、能力、个性或爱好。 ●I am a student. ●She has a bike. 2、一般过去时的用法 构成：一般过去时由动词的过去式表示 1）过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态，现在已经不再继续；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为 与一般过去式经常搭配的时间状语：yesterday, ago, the other day前几天, in 1982，yesterday morning (afternoon, evening…)，last night (week, month, year…), a moment ago刚才 , a week ago, three years ago, just now, once upon a time从前，the day before yesterday, one day, at the age of 5, long long ago等。 ●Where did you go just now? 2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 ●When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 3) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。 I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 3、现在进行时的用法 构成：动词be+v-ing, 动词be加现在分词构成 1） 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。 与现在进行时搭配的时间状语：now, at this time, these days ●We are waiting for you. 2）表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。 ●Mr. Green is writing another novel.(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。) 3）与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。 ●You are always changing your mind. 4、过去进行时的用法 1）过去进行时主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作，常和表示过去的状语连用。 与过去进行时搭配的时间状语：（just）then 那时，当时；at this/that time 在这/那时 yesterday afternoon昨天下午；at nine 在九点；last night 昨晚；（at）this time yesterday在昨天这个时候 但在不少情况下，没有表示时间的状语，这时需要通过上下文来表示。 ●What were you doing at nine last night? ●I was watching TV at home yesterday afternoon. ●They were playing football at this time yesterday. 2）过去进行时也可以表示过去某一段时间内正在进行的动作。 与those days, the whole morning, from 8:00 to 12:00 last night时间状语连用。 ●From 1983 to 1998 , he was teaching at Yale 从1983到1998年，他正在耶鲁大学教书。 ●They were building a bridge last winter去年冬天他们正在造一座桥。 3）过去进行时与频度副词always，forever，continually，constantly等连用时表示过去经常反复的动作，常常带有埋怨、讨厌、赞扬或喜爱等情绪。 ●My sister was always forgetting things.(表示埋怨) ●He was always helping others. (表示赞扬) 5、一般将来时的用法 构成：一般将来时由助动词shall或will 加动词原形构成，shall 用于第一人称，will 三个人称都可以用 1）表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或重复发生的动作。 与一般将来时搭配的时间状语：tomorrow , the day after tomorrow， next Monday ,next year , next weekend , this afternoon , this evening等 2）will do 表示主观意愿做某事。 ●I will see a movie this morning. 表示客观的不以人的意志为转移的客观将来。 ●Fish will die without water. 表示临时决定。 ●——Mom, where is the newspaper? ——Wait a moment. I will get it for you. 3)be going to +do表示计划，安排要发生的事。 ●The play is going to be produced next month。 表示有迹象要发生的事 ●Look at the dark clouds.There is going to be a storm. 6、过去将来时的用法 构成：一般过去将来时由should 或 would 加动词原形构成， 第一人称用should, 其他人称用would, 第一人称也可以用 would. 1）立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将要发生的事情，常用于宾语从句中。 与过去将来时搭配的时间状语：the next day(morning, year…), the following month(week…)等 ●He said he would go to Beijing ●I didn't know if she was going to come。 ●Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Saturday。 7、现在完成时的用法 构成：现在完成时态是由“助动词have(has)+过去分词”构成 1）表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 与现在完成时搭配的时间状语：recently, lately最近, before,in the past few years在过去的几年里, yet already, yet, just, ever, never ●I have finished my homework. 我做完家庭作业了。 (过去某时开始做，到现在已完成。) 2）表示：过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，并且有可能继续下去。 标志词：for, since, since…ago ●I have studied English for six years. 我已经学了六年英语了。 (六年前开始学英语，一直学到现在, 也可能继续学也可能就此不学了。) 3） have/has gone to 、have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别 have/ has gone to 去了，在去某地的路上或在某地，人还未回来 have/ has been to 曾经去过，人已经回来了 have/ has been in 已经在，常与一段时间连用 ●He has been to Shenyang before. 他以前曾去过沈阳。 ●He has been in Shenyang for ten years. 他在沈阳10年了。 ●Has he gone to Shenyang? 他去沈阳了吗? 4）非延续性动词不能用“现在完成时 + 表示一段时间的状语”的句型中。 这类动词有：come, go, start, leave, die, buy, finish, join, borrow, stop等。 但能够用表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的非延续性性动词。 arrive, come → be here die → be dead finish, end → be over go out → be out join → be in borrow→keep close →be closed leave, move → be away fall asleep → be asleep 8、过去完成时的用法 构成：过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成。 1）以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。 与过去完成时搭配的时间状语：before, by the end of，by the time等 ●As soon as we got to the station, the train had left. 2）在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 ●She said (that) she had never been to Paris. 3)过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as ●He said that he had learned some English before. ●By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. ●Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. |
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