第四章 情态动词 情态动词表示说话人对动作或状态的各种观点和态度,如需要、猜测、意愿或怀疑等。情态动词有词义,但不完全,是所谓的“辅助性”动词,在句中不能单独充当谓语。 情态动词: may
may not
mayn't(老式英语,现在不常见) won't 1、情态动词+do You shouldn't be so careless. 你不该这样粗心大意。 2、情态动词+be doing She must be listening to pop music. They might have visited the Great Wall. This word can also be used as a verb. You ought to wear a raincoat. I'm afraid it might rain tonight. (误)Soldiers must have to obey orders. (正)Soldiers have to obey orders.
1、表示请求、许可,常译为“可以” 在口语中可用can, could代替may,但在正式场合用may。表示允许时,也可用might代替,might不表示过去时,而是表示口气比较婉转。 You may take this seat if you like.
否定回答:
Your math teacher may/might be in his office. 你们的数学老师可能在办公室里。 (一般情况下,might表示的可能性很小)
【注意】用may表示推测一般不用于疑问句,在疑问句中通常用can来代替:
—It may be, or may not be. He wants to take a taxi so that he may get there in time. May you succeed. 1、表示能力,可译为“能,会” The cinema can seat 1,000 people. 这电影院能容纳1,000人。 —Could I use your dictionary? —Yes, go ahead. Can he be ill at home? How can you be so careless? If I could fly, I should be very happy. (误)The fire spread the building quickly but everybody could escape. (正)The fire spread the building quickly but everybody was able to escape. (正)The fire spread the building quickly but everybody managed to escape. No one could answer the question. When we went into the house, we could smell something burning. (误)Look! I'm able to swim. (正)Look! I can swim. 1、must表示有做某一动作的必要或义务,强调主观看法,可译为“必须,应该” Everyone must obey the rule. You can't turn right here. You have to turn left.
3、must与have to的比较 must与have to在表示“必须”这个意思时意义相近,但在用法上有所区别。 (1)must含有说话者的强烈决意(表示主观的看法),have to则表示外力环境或习惯使然(即表示客观的必要,作“不得不”解) I must study hard. They had to put off the sports meet due to the bad weather. You must keep it a secret. You mustn't tell anyone. (mustn't表示“禁止”) You don't have to tell me the secret. 你不必告诉我这个秘密。 (1)must do (这里的do通常是状态动词或系动词),表示对现在状态的推测。 He must be very lazy for his desk is very untidy. Put on more clothes. You must be feeling cold with only a shirt on. (3)must have done表示对过去的动作或状态的推测。 The ground is wet. It must have rained last night. Leslie walked past me without speaking. He can't/couldn't have seen me. Truth must be out. Why must it rain today 1、will和would可用于第二人称疑问句,表示请求和建议等。would比will委婉客气。 Would you pass this book to the student in the last row? 【必背】Will/Would you ...表示请求和建议的答复。
肯定回答: Yes, please.是的,请。 I'm sorry. I can't.对不起,不行。 No, I won't.不,不行。 I will do anything for you. He will surf the Internet every night. I will take the job, and no one can stop me. If you will read the book, I'll lend it to you. The patient took the sleeping pills an hour ago. He will be asleep now. Would you like ...表示邀请 Do you like ...表示习惯 今天晚上去看电影好吗? 非常乐意。 你喜欢看电影吗? 是的,我经常去看电影。 1、shall (1)表示征询意见或请求指示,用于一、三人称疑问句。 Shall I carry it for you Shall I open the window? Will you open the window? Shall he open the window? (2)表示说话人的意愿,有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思,用于第二、三人称陈述句中。 You shall do as I say. He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. He shall have the book when I finish reading. (1)表示义务,意为“应该”(某件事宜于做),用于各种人称。 Children should obey their parents. How should I know? (3)表示对过去、现在或将来情况的某种推测,可译为“可能、照说应该”。 It should be fine tomorrow. The boys shouldn't be playing football. They should be at school. 1、表示义务,意为“应该”(因责任、义务而该做),口气比should稍重。 We ought to defend our country. Prices ought to come down soon. You ought to be washing your clothes. Why are you playing Ping-Pong? ought to和should的含义较近,但不完全相同。ought to表示“应该”,是从“义务”或“按理推断”的角度来讲的。should则是从说话人的个人看法这一角度来讲的。 You are her mother. You ought to look after her. If you are not well, you had better ask Alice to go instead. 1、used to表示过去的习惯或过去某时期的状况,但现在已不存在。 He used to drink tea but now he drinks coffee. (1)used to表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同,强调“现已无此习惯了”,而would只表示过去的情况,与现在无关。 When he was young, he would smoke a lot. There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. (不用would) (3)used to可泛指过去的习惯动作或状态,而would表示过去的习惯动作时,往往要带有一个特定的时间状语。 (误)We would play hide-and-seek in the fields. (正)We used to play hide-and-seek in the fields. (正)Whenever we were in the country, we would play hide-and-seek in the fields. dare既可用作情态动词,也可用作行为动词,指勇气和胆量上的可能,可译为“敢”。 1、情态动词dare (1)dare作为情态动词时主要用于疑问句和否定句,一般不用于肯定句中。 I dare not/daren't walk through the forest at night. I wonder how he dare say such things. If the enemy dare enter the village, we'll fight against them to the end. (1)dare可以作为行为动词,多用于肯定句中,但也可用在疑问句和否定句中 He will dare any danger. He doesn't dare to walk at night. He daren't walk at night. ●I dare say... I dare say things will improve. 我想情况会好转的。 ●How dare you ... How dare you ask me such a question? ●I dare you ... I dare you to tell your parents! 1、情态动词need need和dare一样,作为情态动词时,主要用于否定句和疑问句,一般不用于肯定句中(在肯定句中常被must, have to, ought to, should等情态动词取代)。作为情态动词,它的词形只有need一种形式。 You needn't return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like. 你现在不必还书,如果愿意,你可以下周还。 (needn't = don't have to) need和dare一样,也可以作行为动词,可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句中。行为动词need有人称和数的变化。 Plant needs water. (误)She need do her homework by herself. (need作为情态动词时,不用于肯定句中) (正)She needs to do her homework by herself. “情态动词+have done”是情态动词的一个十分重要的结构,这种结构有两个主要的用法。 1、表示对过去事实不大肯定的推测,常译为“可能已经”。 They might have taken a later train. 也许他们乘坐的是晚一点儿的火车。 1、表示对过去事实的推测,常用于否定句和疑问句。 He can't couldn't have watched TV yesterday for he knew they would have an exam. 昨天他不可能看电视,因为他知道快要考试了。 Why didn't Sophie apply for the job?She could have got it. 为什么索菲不申请这项工作?她本来是能得到的。 1、表示对过去事实有把握的推测,具有较大的可能性。只用于肯定句中,否定句和疑问句用can/could have done。 His watch must have stopped. 他的表肯定停了。 You must have caught the bus if you had got up earlier. 如果你早一点儿起床的话,你准能赶上那一班公共汽车了。(事实上没有赶上公共汽车) 用于对过去的责备,表示“没有必要做某事,可是做了”。 The airport is close to us. You needn't have hurried there early. 机场离这儿很近,你没必要早早地赶到那里。(可是你早早地到那儿了) It is not cold today. I didn't need to take the thick sweaters out. 今天天气不冷,我没有必要把厚毛衣拿出来。(实际上也没拿) 1、表示对过去动作的责备或批评。 You should have gone over your lessons. (In fact you didn't go over your lessons.) 你们应把功课复习好的。(可事实上你们没有。) If the flight was on time, you should ought to have arrived in Shanghai early this morning. 如果航班准点的话,你今早就能到上海了。 表示与过去事实相反的假设或结果。 I would have been happy to see him, but I didn't have time. 我会很高兴和他见面的,但我没时间见他。 注:内容较多,若有编辑上的错误,欢迎同学们留言指正。 |
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