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Spinal Tumors 脊柱肿瘤 A Patient’s Guide to Spinal Tumors脊柱肿瘤患者指南 Introduction简介 A tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue. There are several types of tumors that can develop in or near the spine. There are many types of spinal tumors. They can involve the spinal cord, nerve roots, and/or the vertebrae (bones of the spine) and pelvis. 肿瘤是组织的异常生长。有许多种类的肿瘤可以在脊柱或脊柱周围发病。脊柱肿瘤的种类有许多。它们可以侵犯脊髓、神经根和/或椎体（脊椎骨）和骨盆。 There are two classifications of spine tumors. A spinal tumor can be primary, meaning it comes from cells within or near the spine. Primary tumors of the spine are rare. More commonly a spinal tumor that is found is a secondary spinal tumor. This means that the tumor traveled there from somewhere else in the body. 脊柱肿瘤分为两类。原发脊柱肿瘤，来源于脊柱或其周围的细胞。原发肿瘤较少。常发现的脊柱肿瘤是继发性脊柱肿瘤，意味着肿瘤是从身体的其它部位转移过来的。 Tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). 肿瘤可能是良性（非癌）或恶性（癌）。 This guide will give you a general overview of spinal tumors and help you understand 本指南将为你简述脊柱肿瘤，并有助于你理解： · what parts of the spine are involved · what causes spinal tumors · how doctors diagnose the condition · what treatment options are available
Anatomy解剖 What parts of the spine are involved? 哪一部分脊柱受到了影响？ The cervical spine is formed by the first seven vertebrae. Thecervical spine starts at the bottom edge of the skull. It ends where it joins the top of the thoracic spine. The thoracic spine is where the chest begins and is made up of twelve vertebrae. This region is different than the other areas of the spine because it has ribs attached to the vertebrae. It ends where it joins with the lumbar spine. The lumbar spine is made up of five vertebrae in the lower back. It joins with thesacrum or pelvis at the bottom. 颈椎由最上端7块椎体组成。颈椎起于头颅的底下，于胸椎之上结束并与之相连接。胸椎起自胸部，由12块椎体组成。与其它区域的脊柱不同，胸椎椎体有肋骨相连。胸椎于腰椎之上结束并与之相连接。腰椎在下背部由5块椎体组成，在下方与骶骨或骨盆相连。 Each vertebra is formed by a round block of bone, called avertebral body. A bony ring attaches to the back of the vertebral body. When they are stacked on top of one another, the rings form a hollow tube called a neural arch. This forms a canal where the spinal cord is located. The spinal cord is protected by the bone. The spinal cord begins at the base of the brain, just below the medulla or brain stem. It ends in the lumbar spine at about the first or second lumbar vertebrae where it is called the conus medullaris. Here it splits into many fibers. 每个椎骨由一块圆柱状骨组成，称为椎体。在椎体后方有一骨环与之相连。当它们上下相叠，这个环就形成一个空心的管道称为神经弓，由此形成脊髓存在的管道。脊髓有骨组织保护。脊髓起于大脑底部，正好在中脑或脑干以下，终于腰椎，大约位于第1或第2腰椎，此处称为脊髓圆锥，在此分成许多纤维。 This is called the cauda equina because it looks like a horse’s tail. 这被称为马尾神经因为它看起来象马尾巴。 The spinal cord is a tube of nerve cells that is hollow in the middle. It carries sensory and motor messages to and from the body and the brain. It is surrounded by layers of tissue and fluid called the cerebral spinal fluid. It is housed in the vertebral or spinal column which is made up of 24 bones, called vertebrae. Vertebrae are stacked on top on one another to form the spinal column. The spinal column is the body’s main upright support. 脊髓是神经细胞的管道，中央是空的，它在身体和大脑之间传递感觉和运动信号。脊髓周围有数层组织和称为脑脊液的液体，它位于椎体也就是由24块骨头组成的脊柱中。椎体依次相叠形成脊柱，脊柱是人体直立主要的支持。 There are three layers of tissue that surround the spinal cord. The thin, delicate lining of the spinal cord is the pia mater. The next layer is the arachnoid membrane. It was named that because it looks like a spider web. The outermost layer that is thicker and tougher is called the dura mater. These layers are continuous with the layers covering the brain. These layers may give rise to tumors that can spread to the spinal cord. 在脊髓外周有三层组织，紧挨脊髓菲薄精致的一层是软脊膜，它的外面是蛛网膜，因为看起来象蜘蛛网而获此名。最外层的更厚更坚韧的称为硬脊膜。这些薄层组织与覆盖大脑的组织相延续，这些薄膜可以发生肿瘤并蔓延到脊髓。 Related Document: A Patient’s Guide to Lumbar Spine Anatomy 相关阅读：腰椎解剖患者指南（翻译招募中，有意者请留言） 精美视频：腰椎解剖（lumbar spine anatomy） 警告：请在有WIFI的场所观看视频，土豪请随意。 本视频由张正阳翻译，更多解剖视频，请关注微信公众平台《张正阳Thomas》 Causes病因 What causes this problem? 引起这种疾病的原因有哪些？ A primary spinal tumor means it comes from cells within or near the spine. They can involve the spinal cord, nerve roots, and/or the vertebrae (bones of the spine) and pelvis.They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). In general, benign tumors do not invade other tissues. Malignant tumors may invade other tissues and organs in the body. Although primary spinal tumors often contain a number of abnormal genes their cause remains unknown. In some cases the tumors run in families. 脊柱原发性肿瘤来源于脊柱或其附近的细胞，可侵犯脊髓、神经根和/或椎体（脊柱的骨头）和骨盆，它们可以是良性（非癌），亦或是恶性（癌性）。通常，良性肿瘤不侵犯其他组织，恶性肿瘤会侵犯身体的其他组织或器官。虽然原发脊柱肿瘤常含有一些异常的基因，其原因仍不清楚。在有些病例，肿瘤有家族史。 Tumors in the spine become a problem when they compress the spinal cord or nerves. This can lead to serious complications such as paralysis and loss of bladder and bowel control. Others can destroy the vertebral bone that supports the spinal cord making it unstable. 当肿瘤压迫脊髓或神经，它们就引起了问题。这将导致严重的并发症，例如麻痹、大小便失控。另外还可能破坏保护脊髓的椎骨，引起脊柱不稳。 Nerve roots on either side of each spinal segment are made up of bundles of motor and sensory nerves that come from the spinal cord. Nerves are covered by protective cells called Scwhann cells. A form of spinal tumor involving the Schwann cells is called a Schwannoma. 每一脊柱节段两侧的神经根都由从脊髓发出的支配运动和感觉的神经束组成。神经被覆称为雪旺细胞的保护细胞。与雪旺细胞相关的一种脊柱肿瘤被称作雪旺细胞瘤（神经鞘瘤）。 A secondary spinal tumor is more common. This means that the tumor traveled there from cancer somewhere else in the body. These secondary or metastasized tumors are always cancerous. These cancer cells travel and cause tumors that usually involve the vertebrae or bony portion of the spine. They may come from melanoma (skin cancer), cancer in the lung, breast, prostate, kidney, or thyroid gland for example. 继发性脊柱肿瘤较常见，它是从身体其它部位的癌转移而来。这些继发性或转移性肿瘤常常会扩散。癌细胞转移并引起肿瘤常侵犯椎骨（脊柱的骨性部分）。它们可能来源于黑色素瘤（皮肤癌）、肺癌、乳癌、前列腺癌、肾癌、甲状腺癌等。 （胡佰文 译） 患者指南，图文并茂， 分门别类，构思巧妙。 深入浅出，中英对照， 医患携手，共同探讨。 能力有限，英语欠好， 时间仓促，错误不少。 恳请各位，留言指导， 以利再版，更加周到。 |
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