|
宋代的瓷器生产以汝窑、官窑、哥窑、钧窑、定窑五个窑口最为有名，后人统称其为“宋代五大名窑” Ru Kiln, Official Kiln, Ge Kiln, Jun Kiln and Ding Kiln were the most well-known kilns to produce porcelains in the Song Dynasty. Later generations called them ' five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty (960-1279)' 汝窑 汝窑位于古代汝州境内（今河南省临汝县），是北宋大观元年（1107）创建的御制官窑。汝窑青瓷胎质细腻，胎色灰中略带黄色，俗称“香灰胎”。而釉色大多呈天青、粉青、天蓝色、及月白等，釉面滋润柔和，纯净如玉，纹片晶莹多变，使人赏心悦目。 Ru Kiln, located in ancient Ruzhou (now Linru county, Henan Province), was an official kiln for the royal family created in the first year of Emperor Hui, Daguan in the Northern Song Dynasty (1107). Cleadon from Ru Kiln had very delicate and neat body, some clay contained some grey and yellow color, which was also called 'incense ash base'. Most of the glaze colors were sky green, pink green, sky blue, as well as moon white. The surface of the glaze was soft and gentle, clear like jade. The decoration patterns are also crystal and changeful, which was delightful for eyes. 哥窑 哥窑确切的窑厂至今尚未发现。据传说为制瓷的兄弟二人各建一窑，哥哥建的窑称为“哥窑”，弟弟建的窑称为“弟窑”。哥窑的主要特征是釉面有大小不规则的开裂纹片，俗称“开片”。因小纹片的纹理呈金黄色，大纹片的纹理呈铁黑色，故有“金丝铁线”之说。哥窑瓷器的胎色有黑、深灰、浅灰及土黄多种，而釉色以灰青为主，均质地优良，做工精细。 The exact location of Ge Kiln hasn‘t been discovered yet. It is said that two brothers built two kilns separately to make porcelains. The elder brother named his kiln as Ge Kiln'('Elder brother kiln' in Chinese ) and the younger brother named his as 'Di Kiln' ('younger brother kiln' in Chinese ). The main feature of Ge Kiln products was the different sizes of cracked patterns on the glaze, also known as 'hacking'. As the small pattern was gold yellow while the large pattern was iron black, this glaze was also called “gold thread and iron line” pattern. Ge Kiln porcelains have different colors like black, dark grey and yellowish brown。 Glaze is mainly grey green， with highly quality and delicate work. 官窑 官窑是宋徽宗政和年间（1111-1117）在京都汴梁建造的，窑址至今没有发现。官窑主要烧制青瓷，器物造型往往带有雍容典雅的宫廷风格。其烧瓷原料的选用和釉色的调配也甚为讲究，釉色以月白、粉青、大绿三种颜色最为流行。釉层普遍肥厚，釉面多有开片。这种开片与同期的哥窑有很大的不同，一般来说，官窑釉厚者开大块冰裂纹，釉较薄者开小片；哥窑则以细碎的鱼子纹最为常见。北宋官窑瓷器传世很少，十分珍惜名贵。 The Official Kiln was built in Bianliang， the capital city during Emperor Hui Zong of the Song Dynasty （1111-1117）. The location of this kiln hasn't been discovered yet. The Official Kiln mainly produced celadon and its item always had an elegant palace style. They also focused on the raw materials as well as the mixing of glaze. The three most popular glaze colors were moon white , pink green and bright green. The glazed layer was always very thick and with hacking. The hacking on Official Kiln products varied a lot from those on Ge Kiln products. Generally speaking, thick glaze Ge Kiln porcelains had large ice cracked hacking while thin glaze layer had small hacking. Ge Kiln porcelains always had tiny fish egg patterns. Porcelains from Official Kiln were very precious as there were not many left. 钧窑 钧窑是宋徽宗在位时继汝窑之后建立的第二座官窑，广泛分布于钧州（今河南省禹州市）境内，故名“钧窑”。钧窑瓷器都为两次烧成，第一次素烧，出窑后施釉彩，二次再烧。钧瓷的釉色千变万化，红、蓝、青、白、紫交相融汇，灿若云霞。这是因为在烧制过程中，配料掺入铜的气化物造成的艺术效果，此为中国制瓷史上的一大发明，称为“窑变” Jun Kiln was the second official kiln built during Emperor Hui Zong of the Song Dynasty after the Official Kiln, located in Junzhou (now city of Yuzhou, Henan province). Thus it was named as 'Jun Kiln'. All the Jun Kiln porcelains were fired twice. Items were fired nakedly for the first time. Jun Kiln porcelains have kinds of glaze colors. Red ， blue， green， white and purple mixed together like rosy clouds. The reason of this art effect was that the ingredients added during firing contained gasified copper。 This was a great invention in Chinese porcelain history， called “change in the kiln”. 定窑 定窑为民窑，以烧白瓷为主，瓷质细腻，质薄有光，釉色润泽如玉。除烧白釉外，定窑还兼烧黑釉、绿釉和酱釉。造型以盘、碗最多，其次是梅瓶、枕、盒等。在出土的定窑瓷片中，发现刻有“官”、“尚食局”等字样，这说明定窑的一部分产品是为官府和宫廷烧造的。在传世或出土的定窑器具中，茶具也不少，主要以碗、盏、盏托以及执壶为主。 Ding Kiln was a civil kiln and mainly produced white porcelains. The quality of its porcelains was fine and smooth, thin and bright and had a glaze that looked like jade. Besides the white glaze, Ding Kiln also made black, green and caramel glazes. Most of them were plates, bowls and some plum vases, pillows and boxes. On the pieces of Ding Kiln porcelains, people found characters lik '官' (official) or '尚食局' (Food Department). This meant that parts of Ding Kiln porcelains were made for government and the royal palace.\. Among the Ding Kiln porcelains that have been passed down or discovered, teawares account for a part. They are mainly bowls, bowl bases and pots with a handle to carry. 本文引自《老茶具》\ Acient Tea Sets一书 |
|
|
