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所谓定语从句，就是在复合句中起定语作用以修饰主句中的名词或代词的从句。学习定语从句，首先要弄清两个重要概念——先行词和关系词。 被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况，它需要放在被修饰的词(即先行词)之后。定语从句一般由关系代词来引导。那什么是关系词呢?其实它就是用于引导定语从句的引导词。关系代词必须放在定语从句之首。定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 根据从句与主句的关系是否紧密来区分，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。 所谓限制性定语从句，它的作用是对先行词起修饰、限制或确定的作用，若去掉，先行词的意思就不明确，它是不可缺少的一部分，它与先行词的关系密不可分，不可用逗号将其分开。 非限制性定语从句的作用则只是对先行词起补充说明作用，它是可有可无的，与先行词关系松散，通常用逗号将其分开。因此，有无逗号通常是区分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的重要标志。 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? (who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. (whom/that在从句中作宾语) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换), 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. (which / that在句中作主语) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that在句中作宾语) as 1. 用于引导限制性定语从句，主要与such, as, the same连用，其意为“像……的”“凡是……的”“……一类的人(物)”。如： He’s not such a fool as he looks. You must show my wife the same respect as you show me. 2. 用于引导非限制性定语从句，根据情况可位于主句之前或之后，有时也可插在主句中间，其意为“这件事”“这一点”。如： He is late, as is often the case. 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于'介词+ which'结构，因此常常和'介词+ which'结构交替使用，例如： There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和'介词+ which'引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如： His father died the year (that / when / on which) he was born. He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 注意：从所使用的关系词来看，在限制性定语从句中，that可以代替who, whom和which等，但在非限制性定语从句中不能用that。如： He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 句中的which引导非限制性定语从句，不可换成that。 Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party. 句中的who引导非限制性定语从句，不可换成that。 另外，关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句;但关系副词why则只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。 We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus. 以上两句中的关系副词when和where均引导非限制性定语从句。 1. 当先行词本身是all, everything, anything, nothing, none, little, few等代词时，关系代词原则上用that，不用which，例如： I did nothing that might hurt you. All that glitters is not gold. 2. 当先行词被all, every, no, little, few, the only, the very, the right(恰当的), the last, the same等修饰时，关系代词原则上用that，不用which，例如： Chatting is the only thing that interests her most. These messages are the very ones that I have been looking for. 3. 当先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级，以及被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词原则上用that，不用which，例如： It was the largest map that I ever saw. When it comes to Jinan, the first that comes to mind is the spring water. 1. as引导的从句表示说话人的看法、态度、解释或评论。 引导定语从句时，as仍具有“正如，像，由……可知”等意思，翻译时有时可不必译出。as定语从句常含有这些动词：see, know, hear, watch, remember, say, tell, show, expect, guess等，这类动词与as连用几乎成了一种固定搭配。as引导的此类从句可以置于句首、句中或句尾。如： The famous magician Liu Qian, as we all know, is from Taiwan. 2. which引导的从句对主句所叙述的事情进行补充说明，表明事物的状态或结果。 which此时指前面主句所提到的这件事，常译为“这一点，这件事”等。这时它所引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列、因果关系。注意，它引导的从句不像as那样位置灵活，它只能位于主句的后面。如： He changed his mind again, which made us all angry. 3. 在从句中作定语或介词的宾语时，要用which，不用as。 Jenny might come, in which case I'll ask her. 4. 当从句的谓语动词是否定形式或含着一个复合宾语时，一般用which而不用as。 He pretended not to know me, which I didn't understand. 【特别说明】 as引导非限制性定语从句的最大特点是位置灵活;其次，as有以下常见的，而which不具备的“固定表达”： as we all know 众所周知 as I can remember 正如我所记得的 as often happens 正如经常发生的那样 as we expect 正如我们预料的那样 as you see 这一点你明白 as was expected 正如预料的那样 as can be seen 看得出来 as may be imagined 正如可以想象的那样 as has been said above 如上所述 as we all can see 正如我们都能看到的那样 as is often the case 像常规那样 as everybody can do 正如人人都能做到的那样 1. whose用作关系代词时，它并不表示“谁的”，而是表示“……的……”，在具体语境需要灵活处理。如： He is the man whose car was stolen. 2. 不要以为whose引导定语从句时，其先行词一定是指人的名词，其实也可以是指事物(包括动物)的名词。如： It was an island whose name I have forgotten. 3. whose 不仅可以引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。如： My bitch, whose temper is very uncertain, often bites the judges at dog shows. 4. 引导定语从句的“whose+名词”，有时可换成其他结构，注意词序的变化。比较： 正：The house whose windows are broken is empty. 正：The house the windows of which are broken is empty. 正：The house of which the windows are broken is empty. 正：The house with broken windows is empty. 5. 根据语境的需要，whose 前可以使用语义需要的介词。如： I wish to thank Professor Smith, without whose help I would never have got this far. |
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