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英语特殊句式——省略句

 ttylyyh 2017-05-10


省略句基本概念


省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法 修辞手段。省略在语言中,尤其在对话中,是一种十分普遍的现象。


省略现象


单词省略


1、省略介词

He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons.


2、省略连词that

I believe (that) you will succeed .


3、省略关系代词

He read the book (which) I got yesterday.


句子成分的省略


1、省略主语

Beg your pardon. ( Beg 前省略了主语 I )


2、省略谓语

Who next? ( Who 后面省略了谓语 comes )


3、省略表语

Are you ready? Yes, I am. ( am 后面省略了 ready )


4、省略宾语

Let ' s do the dishes. I ' ll wash and you ' ll dry. ( wash 和 dry 后面省略了宾语 dishes )


5、省略定语

He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. ( the rest 后面省略了定语 of the money )


6、省略状语

He was not hurt. Strange! ( Strange 前面省略了状语 how )


不同句式中的省略


1.简单句中的省略:在对话中,交谈双方都知道谈论的对象,则可以省略句子的主语,省略主语和谓语的现象在交际用语中出现的很多。

Sounds like a good idea.


2.并列句中的省略:在并列句中,相同的成分如主语,谓语,宾语等都可以省略。

They learn French and we English.


3.复合句中的省略:

定语从句: That’s the reason he is late for the conference.

状语从句: (1)时间状语从句中,省略“主语+be”:When (she was) very young,she began to learn to play the violin.  

(2)条件状语从句中,省略“主语+be”:If (he is) given more time, he will do the work better.(3)让步状语从句中,省略“主语+be”:Though (he is) a young man, he has made several inventions. (4)方式状语从句中,省略“主语+be”:She talked to the stranger as if (she were) absent-minded.(5)比较状语从句省略相关成分:由than或as引导的比较状语从句,在意义明确的情况下,可以省略than或as后面的相应部分,这一点与上述情况不同。

I know you better than (I know) him.

宾语从句:如果宾语从句中的谓语部分与主句的谓语部分或上文的谓语部分相同,可将从句部分的谓语省略。

—Is Mr. King in his office?

—Sorry, I don’t know(whether he is in his office or not).


4.动词不定式的省略:在动词不定式结构中,为了避免重复,常常省略不定式结构中的动词原形,只保留to。

—Would you like to go with us ?

—I’m glad to, but I have to finish my homework.

在used to, ought to, have to, would like/love to, wish to, be going to等结构中,常常省略to后面的动词原形。

I’ll hand it in if I have to.

Tell , warn , order , advise , ask等动词的宾语后面接动词不定式做宾语补足语时,可以省略to后面的动词原形。

He wanted to swim across the river but I warned him not to.


5.虚拟条件句中的省略:在虚拟条件句中,如含有had,were,should等时,if可省略,句子倒装。如:

Should it rain tomorrow,you would have to put off your tour.


if类省略结构


if从句省略“主语+be”:若if从句的主语与主句主语一致,且if从句的主语后跟有动词be,那么通常可以省略if从句的“主语+be”。如:

If accepted for this post, you will be informed within a week.= If you are accepted for this post, you will be informed within a week.


惯用表达归纳及用法举例


1. if any 即使有(任何)……,即使有……

Correct errors, if any (=if there are any errors).


2. if anything 如果有什么……的话

If anything, she works too hard.


3. if anybody (anyone) 若有(任何)人的话

If anyone, he knows.


4. if ever (即使有……也)极少,难得

He seldom if ever travels abroad.


5. if necessary 如果有必要的话

I could come earlier, if necessary.


6. if not 假如不是这样的话;不然的话;否则

I might see you tomorrow. If not, then it’ll be Saturday.

有时not还可修饰另一个词语。如:

This is one of the oldest buildings in town, if not the oldest.


7. if possible 如果可能的话

If possible, let me know beforehand.


8. if so 假如这样的话

They think she may try to phone. If so, someone must stay here.

注意以下if so与if not连用的情形:

Will you be staying another night? If so, we can give you a better room. If not, could you be out of your room by 12:00?


注意:if省略结构有时不表示条件,而表示让步。如:

It’s possible, if (it is) difficult.


what用于省略句


what引导的结构有时可用于省略形式

Something is the matter, but I don’t know what.  

句中的what=what it is。

I’ll tell you what. 让我告诉你怎么办。

句中的what=what to do。


no matter what引导的结构有时也可用于省略形式

I’ll always love you, no matter what.

句中的no matter what=no matter what happens。


疑问词why引导的省略句


疑问词why引导的省略句中的不定式在当代英语中一般须省去to。如:


1. 肯定形式

Why talk so much about it? 这样大谈它干嘛?


2. 否定形式

Why not try again? 干嘛不再试呢?


3. why not单独使用

I’m not going to work today. 一Why not?


4. 与非省略句的替换

对于一般现在时而言,它可与非省略句转换:

正:Why not find something to do, like cleaning the car for me?

正:Why don’t you find something to do, like cleaning the car for me?

对于一般过去时而言,它不能与非省略句转换——只能用非省略形式,不能用省略句:

正:Why didn’t you tell me John had left you?

误:Why not tell me John had left you?


空缺与增补


两个主语不同的句子,谓语有相同部分,也有不同部分,如果用连词连接起来进行对比,则其相同部分在后面分句中可以省略,这样,后面分句中就出现“空缺”现象。“空缺”处通常被省略的是动词,或动词及其宾语、补足语等。汉译时不妨采用“补齐”的方法。例如:


A sound must be heard,a colour seen,a flavour tasted,an odour inhaled.,颜色必须目视,滋味必须口尝,气味必须鼻吸。(后三句省略 must be) Histories make men wise;mathematic logic and rhetoric able to contend.;数学使人精细;逻辑和修辞使人善辩。(原文后两句省略make men)


注意:than引出的比较从句中,套有when引导的时间从句或if引导的条件从句,而且该比较从句中的省略部分与整个句子的主要结构一致时则比较从句的省略部分可省略不译。例如:

My uncle is better than when I wrote to我伯父的身体比我上次给你去信时好些了(...than后面省略了he was)


灵活使用


对英语中一些特殊省略结构译法需灵活,指的是按正常语法规则分析,有的无法增补,有的要用不同的方式来增补,使之成为完全句。因此,汉译英时,视上下文加以灵活处理。


1.“宾语+主语+谓语……and +谓语”结构

其中and连接的,是用作不同成分的同一个词,这个词既是第一分句的宾语,又是第二分句的主语。此结构的特点是,把宾语提到句首,使之兼任后一分句的主语,达到简化句子结构的目的。汉译时,可仍先译宾语,不必改变原文的语序。例如:

This substance we call water,and come next only to oxygen.这种物质称为水,其重要性仅次于氧。(=We call this substance water,and this substance comes next only to oxygen.)


2.以“Hence +名词”开头的结构

hence是表示结果意义的连接副词,hence前面的句子表示原因,hence后面则省略了类似 come的动词。它是倒装句。例如:

Hence(comes)this instruction of the experiment因此,有这本实验说明书。


3.某些常用词组引导的省略疑问句,通常不需要写出其省略部分。例如:

How(is it)about the result?结果怎么样呢?


4.由习语组成的省略结构 

Now for the sound-wave method.现 在谈谈风波方法。(=And we will now talk about...)

The grinding machine you operate must be oiled,and that at once.油,而且要马上上油。(and that是个加强语气的省略结构。that是指示代词,代替上文的全部,与and连用表示强调,后接状语。=andmustbeoiledat可译为“而且”。)


无胜于有


英语介词(短语)应用之频繁,简直到了“不可稍离”的地步。它是功能词中最积极、最活跃之一。但有时,为了用词简洁精练,在上下文意境清楚的前提下,介词常常省略。译文中也要采取相应的简洁表达手法。

1.动名词-ing前,有时省略介词。

Most people just ruin scissors (by)trying to sharpen them.


2.在含有way,height,length,size,shape, ckness等惯用语前,有时省略介词。

Try to keep your letters (on)this side of 500 words.


3.在以next,this,one,every,each,some,等开头的时间状语前,有时省略介词。

Nine days(from)now will be May Day.


4.在“noun +participle”,“noun +and all”结构中,有时省略介词“with”。

He jumped into the water, (with his)clothes and all.


5.某些动词、名词、形容词习惯搭配中的介词(短语),在以what,when,how,whether,that出的从句或不定式短语之前,有时被省略。例如:

I am not informed(as to)whether he went,why from.(省略与informed搭配的介词as to。)


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