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股骨头坏死早期治疗方法研究进展*

 GXF360 2017-06-01
股骨头坏死早期治疗方法研究进展*

·综述·

股骨头坏死早期治疗方法研究进展*

邓云平1 综述 李伟2 审校

(1.川北医学院, 四川 南充 637000;2.川北医学院第二临床医学院·南充市中心医院骨科, 四川 南充 637000)

【摘要】股骨头坏死是一种进展性疾病,晚期致残率非常高,严重影响人们生活质量。如果早期能得到正确治疗,可避免股骨头塌陷和延缓髋关节置换术时间。早期股骨头坏死治疗包括非手术和手术治疗。非手术治疗包括药物或者物理等方法,但目前为止仍没有一种确切有效的方法。手术治疗包括核心减压、干细胞或骨移植等,以核心减压为主联合其他疗法是目前研究热点。本文就目前早期治疗股骨头坏死方法进行综述,为今后临床及基础研究提供参考。

【关键词】股骨头坏死; 治疗方法; 早期; 文献综述

股骨头坏死为骨科常见疾病, 患者数量正逐年上升,目前统计全世界已达3000万人,常见的病因包括骨折或髋关节脱位,糖皮质激素使用不当,长期饮酒等[1]。股骨头坏死的形成是由于骨细胞的血液供给不足导致骨细胞死亡,最终导致股骨头表面塌陷和髋关节炎[2]。早期治疗主要在于减轻疼痛,延缓人工髋关节置换术时间。目前早期股骨头坏死治疗方法研究较多,也取得一定成就,但治疗效果仍不令人满意,本文就目前股骨头坏死早期治疗方法进行综述。

1 非手术治疗

1.1 限制负重疗法 限制负重疗法是早期股骨头坏死的传统治疗方法,可以防止损伤股骨头的血液供应,从而预防股骨头关节面塌陷[3];其主要针对Ficat或Arlet Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期,股骨头坏死病变时<15%,或者远离负重圆顶(内侧病变)[4]。但是Mont等[5]研究发现,使用该方法治疗7年后仍有59%的患者出现股骨头坏死症状或者股骨头表面塌陷。Okazaki等[6]通过动物实验研究负重与股骨头坏死的发展关系显示,鼠股骨头坏死的发展与负重无关。尽管限制负重疗法在治疗股骨头坏死的早期阶段被广泛使用,但是作为一个单独治疗方法已经不被大多数人接受,目前只是作为药物和手术治疗的辅助治疗。

1.2 药物治疗

1.2.1 双膦酸盐 双磷酸盐能减少新骨改建,促进骨单位矿化,增加前体成骨细胞的分化,促进成骨细胞产生骨保护素,同时还具有抗炎作用,减少骨坏死水肿。目前其已经广泛应用于骨质疏松,骨坏死等疾病,同时对骨吸收增加相关疾病也有疗效,如佩吉特氏病、恶性肿瘤的血钙过多等,可能与抑制甲羟戊酸酶,从而抑制异戊二烯样复合物的合成有关[7]。一些研究认为双磷酸盐类药物能抑制股骨头坏死病变区破骨细胞活性,防止早期股骨头软骨下骨小梁断裂或表面塌陷,延缓最终需要行全髋关节置换手术时间[8-9] 。然而Lee等[10]进行为期两年的对比临床实验研究发现,在股骨头坏死斯坦伯格Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期(坏死区中等偏大),唑来磷酸并不能阻止股骨头坏死病程进展,也不能降低患者行全髋关节置换术的概率。由于在体内半衰期长,许多研究发现其能引发严重并发症如颚骨坏死等[11-12]。Outeirino-Fernandez等[13]研究发现唑来膦酸治疗48.25月后会出现颚骨坏死并发症,所以患者的依从性较低。双磷酸盐尽管在临床前期股骨头坏死被广泛使用,但是药物剂量目前没有同一规定,且还无预防药物副作用的措施。因此,使用这类药物时应该严密监测相关的并发症。

1.2.2 抗凝血剂 凝血功能障碍容易导致静脉淤血和动脉血流量降低,进而引起骨内压力增高和缺氧,最终导致骨死亡,这可能是抗凝药物的治疗机制。同时具有凝血障碍和骨坏死股骨头坏死患者,只要在股骨头坏死不可逆转阶段之前开始抗凝治疗,骨坏死进程就可能停止或者恢复,使本需要行全髋关节置换手术治疗的患者免于手术[14-15]。Chotanaphuti等[16]随访研究发现低分子肝素钠能显著降低股骨头坏死前期阶段的发病率。

1.2.3 他汀类药物和促肾上腺皮质激素 他汀类药物治疗股骨头坏死也具有一定的疗效,特别是对于激素型股骨头坏死,但是疗效尚不统一,有待更进一步研究。Pritchett等[17]使用类固醇药物时同时使用他汀类药物治疗,平均随访7.5年后发现只有1%出现股骨头坏死,远低于通常3%~20%的发病率。但Ajmal 等[18]研究发现同时使用他汀类药物的发病率却为4.4%,不使用他汀类药物的发病率为7%,两者之间无差异。促肾上腺皮质激素也被证实能治疗股骨头坏死,作用机制是能增强成骨细胞的活性,增加血管内皮生长因子分泌,提高股骨头的新血管形成[19]。总之,药物治疗效果还是得到了大多数患者及医护人员的肯定,但因为受试人员的依从性和药物厂家的影响,研究结果会有一些差别,许多药物都还在试验阶段,需要更多的研究证实。

1.3 体外冲击波疗法 动物成骨细胞的反应研究,偶然发现体外冲击波能治疗肌肉骨骼系统疾病。在过去10~15年,治疗主要包括近端足底筋膜炎,肘关节肱骨外上髁炎,肩关节炎钙化和长骨骨折不愈合等,最近扩大到膝关节病变,跟腱疾病和股骨头坏死方面[20]。对比研究体外冲击波治疗与核心减压联合腓骨移植治疗显示,1年后需要行全髋关节置换术分别为3%和21%,在2年后分别为10%和32%,在8~9年后分别为24%和64%,在每个时间段体外冲击波疗法都能显著减轻患者疼痛和改善髋关节功能,病变大小有下降的趋势[21-22]。动物实验研究发现[23-24],体外冲击波疗法能增加BMP-2mRNA和蛋白的表达,坏死区股骨头软骨下骨 VEGF表达上调,诱导新血管生成和改善股骨头血液供应。通过组织病理学和免疫组织化学分析,体外冲击波能促进血管新生和坏死骨重建与再生。总之,体外冲击波疗法是一种新型非侵入性疗法,具有安全、有效、方便等特点,且并发症发生率低,对非手术治疗研究具有很大意义。

1.4 高压氧治疗 高压氧治疗对于股骨头坏死有许多生理和药理影响,因为其能改善组织氧合,通过收缩血管减少水肿,诱发血管新生,减少骨内压力和改善微循环[25-27]。许多研究通过MRI检查表明高压氧在股骨头坏死的早期阶段能减轻骨髓水肿。Reis等[27]的一项研究中MRI扫描结果显示,治疗组81%的病人治疗显示出正常的性能,而非治疗组为17%,表明高压氧对股骨头坏死早期具有治疗作用。目前高压氧治疗研究较少,疗效有很大争议,很多人都把它当成一种辅助治疗,但也有人认为在早期股骨头坏死阶段可以作为单独治疗方法。

2 手术治疗

2.1 核心减压术 核心减压术又称髓芯减压术,钻孔减压术,中心减压术等,是治疗早期股骨头坏死研究最多的手术方法,能降低股骨头骨内压力和增加坏死区域血流,增加新骨形成,从而达到有效防止股骨头塌陷,延缓人工髋关节置换的时间。Marker等[28]通过临床实验发现患者经过减压63个月后成功率为70%。传统核心减压术使用8~10 mm带套管环锯进行股骨头钻孔,但转子下骨折和髋关节融合的风险很大,因此该技术也在不断改进中。Mont等[29]报道一项核心减压新技术,使用3 mm斯氏针钻多个小孔,平均2年后71%具有很好的临床效果,其中Ⅰ期80%,Ⅱ期57%。但Al Omran等[30]比较两者之间减压效果发现,两者均有显著效果,但无差异。Marker等[28]与Al Omran结论不同,认为新技术比传统减压效果更好。目前大多数建议使用新技术,直径为3.2 mm (至少3 mm),该方法安全有效,并且可以最大程度减小传统手术方法风险。某些研究报道核心减压结合其他疗法临床效果更好[31-33]。大多数研究认为核心减压目前仍是性价比最高的治疗股骨头坏死的手术治疗方法,但其治疗效果严重依赖于病因、病变程度,如病灶大小、位置或者关节表面是否塌陷。

2.2 间充质干细胞移植治疗 间充质干细胞有分化成多种细胞系的能力,包括成骨细胞、软骨细胞、脂肪细胞、内皮细胞等。许多研究人员从股骨头坏死的患者记录到内皮祖细胞的数量和集落形成单位的减少[34-35],而内皮祖细胞的迁移能力受损或者衰老将导致血管生成减少,间接证明了干细胞在股骨头坏死治疗的潜在作用[33]。有研究报道了应用干细胞治疗股骨头坏死,从髂嵴提取骨髓液注入坏死区,并且发现植入干细胞数量越多效果更好[36-37]。其他研究随后也证明了间充质干细胞治疗股骨头坏死的安全性和有效性[38-40]。Daltro等[41]随访经过间充质干细胞移植后60个月发现,患者临床症状显著改善,疼痛减轻,髋关节评分提高。影像学观察受试患者病变组织未发生继续坏死,只有3.7%患者没有取得满意效果。间充质干细胞治疗研究还不是很透彻,将间充质干细胞局部股骨头坏死植入是其主要研究热点,干细胞采集及来源,所需要的数量都需要进一步研究。

2.3 骨移植 骨移植是切除股骨头坏死病灶后,用健康可存活的新骨支撑软骨下骨和关节软骨,从而达到修复效果。骨移植具有核心减压效果,同时还能诱导新骨形成。此外,其还保留了关节原来形态和关节软骨。通常选用自体胫骨、自体腓骨或者同种异体骨。

单纯骨移植,无带蒂血管,主要运用于治疗关节软骨完整性较好的股骨头塌陷之前和塌陷早期(<2mm)患者。当核心加压治疗失败后,外科医师一般使用这种方法治疗FicatⅠ和FicatⅡ阶段的股骨头坏死患者[42]。Rosenwasser等[43]报道通过清创术和松质骨移植治疗股骨头坏死,87%患者不会再出现临床症状,追踪研究发现骨关节炎病程也只有极小的进展。Seyler等[44]使用自体无血管骨移植经过平均36个月后,成功率为38.4%。带蒂血管骨移植主要治疗早期股骨头坏死Ficat(Ⅰ-Ⅲ)阶段,移植物提供支撑结构(血管髂骨、血管腓骨)防止关节塌陷[45-47]。与单纯骨移植比较,保留了血运,能获得令人满意的中长期效果[48-50]。Kawate等[51]已经证明小范围股骨头坏死(坏死角<300°,Ⅰ和Ⅱ期)在没有发生塌陷前能取得很好治疗效果。大范围骨坏死(坏死角>300°)或者股骨头塌陷超过3 mm,其治疗效果不令人满意。长期抽烟,酗酒,合并周围血管疾病或其他危险因素的患者也不考虑该治疗方法,因为需要吻合血管,手术复杂且手术时间长[45-47,52-53]。Tetik等[54]比较单纯骨移植与带蒂血管骨移植治疗效果,发现两者在早期阶段影像学观察没有太大的差异,但是长期治疗效果带蒂血管骨移植更优于单纯骨移植。

2.4 钽棒植入治疗 动物模型和临床试验报告显示钽棒植入能够促进骨生长和快速固定,已经用于股骨头坏死的早期阶段治疗[55-57]。钽棒植入治疗是一种简单可再生的微创治疗方法,而且对股骨头已经塌陷的患者也具有一定疗效[57]。保存股骨头完整性关键在于阻止股骨头塌陷,钽棒植入在保留股骨头的完整性和阻止股骨头早期塌陷很有优势。钽棒植入治疗能有效地降低了峰值应力与应变的比值,有效支持股骨头软骨下应力,且移植物的强度大于对移植物应力的9倍[58],因此其能代替骨移植[59]。但是钽棒植入的成功率并不理想,Floerkemeier 等[60]随访研究发现其成功率为44%。失败的原因认为与小骨的生成和软骨下骨的机械支持力不足有关[61]。很多研究者认为治疗早期股骨头坏死,核心减压联合钽棒植入与单纯核心减压没有太大区别,而且前者费用更高且更加耗时,失败后行全髋关节置换术时去除移植物困难,手术难度增加。因此,目前认为钽棒植入治疗方法不能视为治疗股骨头坏死的标准方法。

2.5 近端股骨截骨术 近端股骨截骨术最早使用于1972年,能预防关节表面塌陷和骨关节炎进一步发展[62-63]。近端股骨截骨术能旋转坏死股骨头,使健康的股骨头面代替坏死股骨头面承重,还能降低骨内静脉压力和血管重新分布。主要适应证:不能接受长期类固醇治疗,小范围病变,关节间隙存在,髋臼与坏死区域角小融合(Kerboul角<200°)[64]。目前主要有两种方法,一种是转子间旋转截骨术,另一种是股骨粗隆内翻或者外翻截骨术,目前报道成功率一般在62%~93%[65-67]。Jacobs等[68]经过5.3年随访其成功率为73%;Maistrelli等[69]经过2年随访成功率为71%,8.2年成功率下降到58%;Gallinaro等[70]经过10.2年随访观察其成功率为62.5%,如果联合自体骨移植其成功率为87%。然而,其并没有被广泛运用于治疗股骨头坏死,主要原因包括技术复杂,并发症较多,增加再次行髋关节置换术难度,另外研究者大多为外科医师,且循证医学为4级证据,可信度较低,缺乏基础研究和对比研究,很难评价其优越性。

3 小结

目前对于股骨头坏死早期治疗仍存在很大争议。非手术疗法因为无创、方便、无需住院仍被大多数患者接受。一些新药的开发较大地提升了治疗效果,但非手术疗法重点仍在于预防和早期治疗,且缺乏长期随访研究及大样本随机对照研究,很难评价其中长期效果。当前,手术治疗仍然是研究热点,特别是一些新的设备应用,外科技术的不断改进及创新,治疗成功率也取得了巨大提升。单一治疗方法治疗效果往往不太令人满意,现在多数研究使用联合治疗方法。

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Treatment of early stage avascular necrosis of the femoral head

DENG Yunping reviewing LI Wei checking

(1.North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China; 2. Department of Orthopedic SurgeryNanchong CenteL HospitalNorth Sichuan Medical CollegeNanchong 637000,Sichuan, China)

【Abstract】Avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a progressive disease and late morbidity is very high,which badly influence peoples life quality. If early get proper treatment, femoral head will avoid collapse and delay the hip replacement time. Early avascular necrosis of the femoral head of treatment includes surgical and non-surgical therapy. Non-surgical treatment including drugs or physical methods. However, there is still no precise and effective method. Surgical treatments include core decompression, stem cells or bone graft. Combination therapy based on the core decompression is still a hot research topic present. The article narrated and commented the methods of early treatment of femoral head necrosis and provided a reference for clinical and scientific research.

【Key words】Avascular necrosis; Therapy; Early stage; Review literature

基金项目:四川省教育厅重点科研课题 (14ZA0185)

通讯作者:李伟, 教授,本刊编委,E-mail:subjudice@126.com

【中图分类号】R 681.8

【文献标志码】A

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-3511.2017.02.036

(收稿日期:2015-11-17;

修回日期:2016-08-18; 编辑: 张文秀)

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