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1. by + place The meaning is: beside / at the side of / next to Example: The house is by a lake. 2. by + noun to describe travel. by + train, car, boat, plane, taxi, bus. Example: I went to London by train. to describe communication: by + phone, email, post, fax Example: I will send you the report by fax. to describe methods of payment: by + credit card, cheque Example: We paid for the car by cheque. 3. by and the passive In the passive voice, “by” indicates WHO is doing the action. Example: The floor is being cleaned by Jane. 4. by + reflexive pronoun This means to do something alone. Example: I visited London by myself. 5. by + ing form of verb This describes how to do something. How to achieve a particular result. Example: You can turn on the television by pressing that button. 6. by + time expression The meaning is not later than. Before or at a particular time. We use this structure for deadlines. Example: You must leave the hotel room by 11 am. |
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