Science特刊：人体能不能完美修复与再生？
1 天前
来源：生物探索
6月9日的Science推出了关于修复与再生（Repair and Regeneration）的专刊。讨论修复与再生是希望能解决年龄带来的皱纹和脆弱的膝盖；以及疾病或损伤导致失明，伤口不愈合，心脏功能丧失等等问题。与蝾螈和涡虫相比，人类与生俱来的再生能力是有限度的。我们会留下疤痕、活动性变差、功能减弱。这期特刊介绍了目前活跃的研究领域，以了解修复和再生的机制，着眼于治疗的应用。 活跃的干细胞群使肠道更新的工作相对迅速。然而，其他组织和器官，如哺乳动物的心脏和中枢神经系统，并没有那么容易重建。重组干细胞的方法现在是丰富的，但我们还需要方法来刺激细胞的再生能力，提高细胞的存活。调节免疫系统既可以帮助和阻碍修复与再生。当再生是有限的，组织移植和生物修复可以提供替代路线。新兴的概念和方法的进步，使我们更接近重建人体或甚至提高身体机能的目标。 本期特刊包含了四篇综述，探索君将简要地为您介绍一下综述的内容： 自我修复的细胞 Self-repairing cells: How single cells heal membrane ruptures and restore lost structures 许多生物和组织表现出正常生理或者病理机制中愈合和再生所需的能力。然而，这些修复活动也可以在单细胞水平观察到。其中人们对可以治愈膜破裂和重建受损或缺失的细胞结构的物理和分子机制，仍然知之甚少。本文综述了目前用来了解伤口愈合和再生研究的一些模式生物，包括非洲爪蟾卵母细胞、衣藻、喇叭虫。虽然许多悬而未决的问题仍然存在，阐明细胞如何修复自己是重要的。理解细胞生物学方面的机制，也有潜力将其用于治疗人类疾病。
自我修复的细胞 炎症与代谢 Inflammation and metabolism in tissue repair and regeneration 创伤后组织修复是一个复杂的、代谢要求较高的过程。根据组织的再生能力和炎症反应的状况，结果通常是不完美的，有一定程度的纤维化，这是由胶原结缔组织异常积累决定的。炎性细胞在伤口部位有多种作用，促进伤口清创和产生趋化因子、代谢产物和生长因子。如果这个精心策划的响应变得失调，伤口可以成为慢性或逐渐纤维化，影响组织功能，最终导致器官衰竭和死亡。在这篇综述中，作者回顾了目前对炎症和细胞代谢在组织再生反应中的作用的认识，突出了有可能扩大治疗前景的新概念，并简要讨论了重要的知识差距。
伤口中巨噬细胞的代谢途径 视觉通路的再生 Regenerating optic pathways from the eye to the brain 人类是高度依赖视觉的。视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）是连接眼睛大脑神的经元，损伤后不能再生，最终导致失明。这篇综述中，作者回顾了视觉系统的再生和修复研究。内在生长发育的程序可以在RGCs重新激活，神经活动能促进RGC再生。即使在成人的大脑，连接眼睛和大脑的功能的再次形成是可能的。移植和基因治疗可能取代或恢复死亡或受伤的视网膜神经元。视网膜修复可以在动物模型中恢复视力，在临床上也有实用价值。在不久的将来，失明的人类患者中可能会出现某些形式的视力功能恢复。
移植RGC来恢复视力 心脏再生策略 Cardiac regeneration strategies: Staying young at heart 虽然受损的骨骼肌具有很强的再生能力，但至少在哺乳动物中，心肌的再生能力较差。这种缺陷是由于缺乏心肌干细胞，再加上限制成人心肌细胞进入细胞周期和完成分裂的障碍。最近对动物的研究有了新的见解：先天的再生能力增强，干细胞和重新编程技术的革新，以及对心肌细胞遗传程序和关键外在信号更清楚的了解。现在有促进心脏再生的方法有可能抵消心血管疾病的高发病率和死亡率。
通过心脏细胞增殖来再生的途径 参考资料 Special Issue：Repair and Regeneration 参考文献
我要补充文献
 Self-repairing cells: How single cells heal membrane ruptures and restore lost structures
文献期刊：Science
Many organisms and tissues display the ability to heal and regenerate as needed for normal physiology and as a result of pathogenesis. However, these repair activities can also be observed at the single-cell level. The physical and molecular mechanisms by which a cell can heal membrane ruptures and rebuild damaged or missing cellular structures remain poorly understood. This Review presents current understanding in wound healing and regeneration as two distinct aspects of cellular self-repair by examining a few model organisms that have displayed robust repair capacity, including Xenopus oocytes, Chlamydomonas, and Stentor coeruleus. Although many open questions remain, elucidating how cells repair themselves is important for our mechanistic understanding of cell biology. It also holds the potential for new applications and therapeutic approaches for treating human disease. 展开 Inflammation and metabolism in tissue repair and regeneration
文献期刊：Science
Tissue repair after injury is a complex, metabolically demanding process. Depending on the tissue’s regenerative capacity and the quality of the inflammatory response, the outcome is generally imperfect, with some degree of fibrosis, which is defined by aberrant accumulation of collagenous connective tissue. Inflammatory cells multitask at the wound site by facilitating wound debridement and producing chemokines, metabolites, and growth factors. If this well-orchestrated response becomes dysregulated, the wound can become chronic or progressively fibrotic, with both outcomes impairing tissue function, which can ultimately lead to organ failure and death. Here we review the current understanding of the role of inflammation and cell metabolism in tissue-regenerative responses, highlight emerging concepts that may expand therapeutic perspectives, and briefly discuss where important knowledge gaps remain. 展开 Regenerating optic pathways from the eye to the brain
文献期刊：Science
Humans are highly visual. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the neurons that connect the eyes to the brain, fail to regenerate after damage, eventually leading to blindness. Here, we review research on regeneration and repair of the optic system. Intrinsic developmental growth programs can be reactivated in RGCs, neural activity can enhance RGC regeneration, and functional reformation of eye-to-brain connections is possible, even in the adult brain. Transplantation and gene therapy may serve to replace or resurrect dead or injured retinal neurons. Retinal prosthetics that can restore vision in animal models may too have practical power in the clinical setting. Functional restoration of sight in certain forms of blindness is likely to occur in human patients in the near future. 展开 Cardiac regeneration strategies: Staying young at heart
文献期刊：Science
The human heart is continually operating as a muscular pump, contracting, on average, 80 times per minute to propel 8000 liters of blood through body tissues each day. Whereas damaged skeletal muscle has a profound capacity to regenerate, heart muscle, at least in mammals, has poor regenerative potential. This deficiency is attributable to the lack of resident cardiac stem cells, combined with roadblocks that limit adult cardiomyocytes from entering the cell cycle and completing division. Insights for regeneration have recently emerged from studies of animals with an elevated innate capacity for regeneration, the innovation of stem cell and reprogramming technologies, and a clearer understanding of the cardiomyocyte genetic program and key extrinsic signals. Methods to augment heart regeneration now have potential to counteract the high morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease. 展开共有 0 条评论 还没有人评论，赶快抢个沙发 |
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