介词 前两期给大家介绍了介词,这期继续。因为介词家族实在是太庞大,用途太广泛了,所以在学习介词的路上我们还有很长的一段路要走啊。前两期没看的同学可以戳这里:干货|想要英语更加高大上,你必须学会这些词(一) 话不多说,进入今天的正题。今天给大家说说介词by的用法。 表示“在...旁边” by+地点名词表方位,意为:“在…旁边” 例如: There is a chair by the table. 桌子边上有一把椅子. 这个用法很常见也不难掌握。要注意的是它与beside的区分,beside也有“在...旁边”的意思。通常来说,二者可以互换。不过by一般指在物旁边,而且有一段距离,而beside一般表示在人旁边的时候用的比较多,有离得比较近的意思。 看组句子来感受一下: There was a small vilage by the sea in America. 美国海边有一个小村庄 (小村庄和海可能有一段距离) The little girl is sitting beside her mother. (两人挨得比较近) 注意: 有时by可表示“从…旁经过”,多与动词go/walk/pass等连用。 例: As we boys were rushing towards the playground,Jim slipped by the table. 当我们这些男生冲向操场时,吉姆从桌旁溜过。 在...之前,到...时 by+时间名词意为:“到…时(已发生某事),此时谓语多用完成时。还表示“最晚、不迟于…,在…之前”。 如: by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of/three o'clock等。 例句: (1)By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed. 到去年年底,又有一座新体育馆峻工了。 (2)The train leaves at 6:00 pm.So I have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest. 火车下午六点开,所以最晚我得五点四十赶到车站。 by+名词 1、by+the+可数的时间、长度、重量等名词。意为:“按…计算,按…买(卖)”。 如: by the pound/ton/yard/meter/dozen/bale/day/month等。 例句: (1)Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour. 城市里的女清洁工通常按小时获得报酬。 (2)In the market,tobacco is sold by the bale,eggs by the dozen and salt by the pound. 在市场里,烟叶按捆卖,鸡蛋按打卖,盐按磅卖。 2、by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词(名词前不加冠词)。意为:“按…计算,按…买(卖)”。 如: by time/volume/length/weight/height/depth/width/area等。 例句: As we all know,the freight of the luggage is charged by weight. 众所周知,行李的运费是按重量计算的。 “通过…,由…,乘…” by+交通工具、交通方式名词(名词前不加冠词,不变复数)意为:“通过…,由…,乘…”。 如 by train/rail/tube/taxi/bus/truck/bike/boat/plane;by land/road/sea/water/air等。(on foot) 例句: (1)It takes a long time to go there by train;it`s quicker by road. 乘火车去那儿要花很长时间,公路比较快。 (2)“I usually go there by train”.“Why not try going by boat(或water)for a change?” “我常乘火车去那儿。”“为何不尝试一下坐船呢?” by+数量词 1、表升降、增减的程度。如:by one-fifth/20 percent/£3/two feet等。 例句: (1)With production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year. 产量上升了百分之六十,这家公司今年的业绩极好。 (2)The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year. 对绿色食品的需求每年在增长大约三分之一。 2、表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算。 如: by 2cm/6 inches/four feet/nine yards/a hair`s breadth等。 例句: (1)Luckily,the bullet narrowly missed the captain by an inch. 幸运地是,那颗子弹差一英寸就击中了上尉。 (2)The bed is three meters wide by two meters long,and can fit at least four at one time. 那张床三米宽,两米长,一次至少可以睡四个人。 by+身体部位名词或衣服名词 表示被抓住身体/衣物的某一部分,常与动词catch/seize/take/hold/grab等连用。如:by the hair/hand/arm/nose/horns;by the collar/lape/sleeve等。 例句: (1)The policeman caught the thief by the arm. 警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。 (2)The soldier grabbed the child by the collar. 那个士兵揪住了孩子的衣领。 表示动词执行者 表示动词执行者,主要用于被动语态,此时要注意它与介词with的区别:by 表示动作的主体,with 表示动作者的手段工具。 如: The house was destroyed by fire. 此屋被大火烧毁。 fire是动作的主体,此句的主动形式为Fire destroyed the house. The house was destroyed with fire. 此屋是(被人)用火烧毁的。 fire只是工具,动作的主体另有其人,此句可认为省略了一个by短语,如by someone之类的,其主动形式可以是 Someone destroyed the house with fire. by的常见短语 by means of/by way of/by the way/one by one/step by step/side by side/shoulder by shoulder/by oneself/by birth/by society/take…by surprise/learn…by heart/what do you mean by …/by my watch等。 另外一些特别常规的用法比如表示方法等这里就不多啰嗦啦,大家自己注意积累吧~ 引用地址: http://www./Article/201101/1919_3.html http://www.360doc.com/content/13/0104/07/3293475_258076199.shtml |
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