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本部分只是提供参考资料, 佐证正文的一些说法.
附录1 相关地理名词解释
第一部分：基本藏语地名词汇
以下均以罗马字转写藏语地名，而不是藏语字母。由于存在多种转写规则以及藏语方言差异，可能存在多种模式。我尽可能列出。
Chhu或者Chu，藏语意思为水，但是作为地名后缀，必然指河。汉语标准音译为曲。
Lung，lumpa，lungpa，藏语意思为山谷、谷，可以引申为故土。这个后缀的汉语地名翻译极其混乱，常见汉字翻译包括弄、隆、隆巴、弄巴、兰巴。由于谷中通常有河，有时代指所在河谷，但是该词没有河的含义。
Ri，藏语意思为山，这里指没有路的山，汉字音译很统一，译为日。
La，藏语意思其实也是山，但是指有路的山，汉字音译为拉。通常La指向山口，所以汉语地名有时也额外加上山口字样。
第二部分：争议区地名释义
以罗马字顺序排列
Amo,Torsar,Chumbi，康布麻曲，阿莫河，托尔萨河,托尔萨曲，春丕河（该名字限于地理不好的英文媒体，特别是印度媒体），亚东河。请注意，这都是指一条河，不是7条不同的河。
有强迫症的读者可以将Amo,Torsar,Chumbi，康布麻，阿莫，托尔萨,春丕，亚东等8个前缀和River，Chu，曲，河等四个后缀，进行全排列搭配，产生所有可能的词汇指代这一亚东县所在的干流河谷。
该河在西里古里走廊注入布拉马普特拉河。康布麻曲这个名称只有中方使用，不丹人最喜欢的名字是Amo，印度人最喜欢的是Chumbi。至于Torsar，是一个姥姥不疼、爷爷不爱的名字。
Bayul，白玉地区，中方对于不丹北部洛扎曲穿越国境段的争议区的称呼。至于它的地理范围包含切公拉山口南向的一个河谷（吉格弄）还是两个（吉格弄+巴桑弄），还是一个半，尚未得到解决。
CharitangChu，Sharitang，恰尔塘曲。个人理解，这条河流在历史地图上到底属于中国和不丹，完全依赖于地图比例尺的大小和读者本人的视力好坏。它第一次被中国地图出版社画在中国版图境内，应该不早于库拉康日山划入中国境内的时间（1989？）。我谨慎猜测，中方对于该河的主权依据主要借助早期地图小比例尺的歧义性来掩护。1950年以前作为依据的地图，大比例尺一般在500万左右，也就是1毫米代表5公里，而恰尔塘曲河谷宽度 加载中... 内容加载失败，点击此处重试 加载全文 也就5公里。何况，早期的地图最多画一个朗玛普曲就表示已经照顾了这些小支流，然后就匆匆结束了。
Chhoigongla 切公拉，白玉地区北部不丹声索线上的山口名。该山口是从拉郊村通往吉格弄河谷的关键山口。
Doklam，洞朗，多兰。中国在亚冬最南端的控制区，包含一个完整的康布麻曲西岸支流河谷。中方对于此地的主要主权依据来源于它的夏季牧场的草质优美，深得牦牛喜爱。外语学院毕业的中国外交人士喜欢附庸风雅地译为多兰，我认为这是我方在洞朗河对面的鲁林地区多年来没有斩获的主要原因。
Dompala，董布拉，白玉地区北部不丹声索线上的山口名。
GankarPunsum，没找到可信的中文译名，随便你怎么叫。白玉地区西侧的中不国界分水岭山脉的一个显著山峰。不丹最高峰。
Giu，Gieu，Zhiu，基伍曲，卓木曲主要支流，该河河谷南侧为亚东争议区一部分。
Jakarlung，Byakar，吉格弄，贾卡兰，比亚卡尔。注意Jakarlung是Jakar和Lung两个词连起来的，Byakar应该是Jakar的变种，不清楚是不是不丹宗卡语的读法差异导致。对于这个地名，中方指的是白玉地区北部的河谷。不丹方面也提到这个词，但是很怀疑他们说的和中方指的真的是一个地方。按照各种不靠谱的地图，感觉不丹方面随便找了个北部附近分水岭南北的山谷叫作这个名字，然后再和中方交涉。我个人甚至进一步恶意揣摩，中方故意在自己的官方地图上把那条河谷叫Jakarlung，并把Pasamlung画在界外，之后再找不丹方面交涉要求获得两个河谷的争议区域。这么做的真实目的是让不丹方面的地图学家和谈判代表抓狂。
最后，在白玉地区南部50公里远处是不丹中部的Jakar宗的县城。很诚恳地希望不丹人不是把这个县城所在河谷也叫Jakarlung。
KulaKangri，库拉康日，库拉岗日。位于洛扎县境内，海拔将近8000的山峰。但是这不影响它被搞错了地方半个世纪，直到1980s才得到纠正。
Kuru Chhu，库鲁曲，洛扎曲流入不丹之后的名称。按照中方观点，白玉地区的东侧沿此河和不丹为界。
LangmarpoChu，朗玛普曲。中国边界谈判代表会愉快回忆起，这条河流的存在性至少在1939年就被敬业的中国地图出版商注意到了。
鲁林，这个词没有对应的英文词汇，或者说它不被不丹和其他印度英文媒体提及。原因是中方目前暂时只在地图上拥有这片土地。它在中方的话语下包含两个主要的河谷，鲁绒曲和鲁林曲（中方声索线最东南的小河），因此也称绒林争议区。当然不管哪个名字，我猜测不丹代表一概表示不知道在哪。有时候，这个名字也指基伍-查马曲南部除了朗玛普曲下游的所有中方控制力未到的东南争议区（至少中方说这是争议区），这样的话，这个区域不仅包括鲁绒曲、鲁林曲，还包含朗玛普和恰尔塘曲上游地区。
Lungkala，基伍曲源头和不丹的分水岭山口。该山口是亚东争议区的分界点，该点以北为非争议区。
Monla Karchung 麦拉嘎俊山脉，白玉地区西侧的中不国界分水岭山脉。
Pankala，邦嘎拉，朗玛普曲源头和不丹分水岭的山口名。
Dramana查马，查拉马拉，查玛普。这是中不边界争端构词能力最强的单词，如果配合合理的后缀，会产生查马河、查马曲、查马溪、查马弄等丰富词汇。查马曲位于Google红圈争议区的南部。
Pasamlung，Paksamlung，巴桑弄，帕桑兰（藏语不好的外语学院英语专业毕业生喜欢的译名），这个词汇有两个含义，对于中方来说，它指的是中方目前地图的国界线南界外的河谷名称，对于不丹方面来说，它含糊地指中方所提到的白玉地区。唯一的问题是，中方官方地图上的白玉地区包含的唯一河谷，中方叫作吉格弄（Jakarlung）。
Shakhtoe，Shakhatoey，夏布，这是不丹皇家陆军在基伍曲-查马曲争议区的第一个驻军点，因此，这个词有时也用来指代这整个争议区，而不是这个哨所。中文不好的翻译者会把这个地名翻译为一些我这里不想拷贝的汉字，请和我一起无视。
Sinchula，Sinchela，沈久拉，辛楚拉，位于洞朗地区东北部不丹的声索线线上。英国不丹的1865年辛楚拉条约应该在此签署。这也是原来的中国地图开疆之前标注的最东南角。我个人判断，它和Sinchulumpa没有什么关系。虽然通常来说一个河谷lumpa和它最重要的山口la应该是在一起的，但是，如果不丹人藏语没学好，胡乱命名地点，那就不能怪中国人。
Sinchulumpa，辛珠兰巴，沈久兰巴，辛楚兰巴，沈久兰布，沈久弄布。这是一个只有不丹方面使用的词汇。我猜测中方谈判代表应该一贯表示不知道这指的是哪里。我个人谨慎猜测这是指朗玛普曲下游和恰尔塘曲之间的某个朗玛普曲的小支流河谷。这个地区的主要特点是中方修筑的边防公路不计成本，车道宽阔，边防巡逻的驾驶体验极佳。
Tromo Chu，卓木曲，也叫麻曲，康布麻曲上游东侧主要支流。历史地图通常标注为春丕河（Chumbi）。
Tshozam，Lhoza，洛扎，包含白玉地区的西藏县名。洛扎曲流经全境，并最终进入不丹。
附录2: 中国政府和不丹王国政府关于在中不边境地区保持和平与安宁的协定(1998年)
背景:
中国和不丹的第一个政府间协定，该协定的核心条款是冻结两国边界争议于时间节点1959年3月之前。
协定全文：
中国政府和不丹王国政府关于在中不边境地区保持和平与安宁的协定(1998年)
中华人民共和国政府和不丹王国政府（以下简称“双方”），根据相互尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处五项原则，为保持中不边境地区的和平与安宁，达成协议如下：
第一条双方认为，国家不分大小、强弱，应一律平等，相互尊重。中方重申，完全尊重不丹的独立、主权和领土完整。双方愿在和平共处五项原则基础上发展睦邻友好合作关系。
第二条双方认为，在前十一轮会谈中，双方本着互谅互让、相互信任与合作的精神，通过友好协商，就解决边界问题的指导原则达成一致，缩小了双方在边界问题上的分歧。分歧加深了两国间的相互了解和传统友谊。双方愿继续本着上述精神，为早日公平合理地解决两国边界问题做出共同努力。
第三条双方同意，在边界问题最终解决之前，保持边境地区的和平与安宁，维持一九五九年三月以前的边界现状，不采取任何单方面行动改变边界现状。
第四条双方回顾了十一轮边界会谈所取得的进展。鉴于双方均已明确阐述了各自对争议地区的立场，双方同意通过友好协商解决这一问题。
第五条 本协定自签字之日起生效。本协定于一九九八年十二月八日在北京签订，一式两份，每份都用中文、不丹文和英文写成，三种文本同等作准。在发生歧义时，以英文为准。
中华人民共和国政府 不丹王国政府 代表 代表
附录3：不丹-印度永久和平与友好条约（1949年）
背景：
18 世纪（1773 年）时，英国的势力进入不丹。
1865 年 11 月英国与不丹签署《辛楚拉条约》（Treaty ofSinchula，附注：此Sinchula可能是今亚东县南部的沈久拉。），据此条约，不丹割让包括噶伦堡（Kalimpong）在内的蒂斯塔河（Tistaor Teesta，锡金的干流河谷）以东2,000平方公里的土地，而不丹每年从英国获取财政补助。
1910 年 1 月英国又迫使不丹同意修改 1865年的条约，双方于不丹旧都普那卡（Punakha）签署条约，规定不丹的对外关系接受英国政府的指导。
1949年8月8日，不丹与独立后的印度于印度大吉岭（Darjeeling）签订《永久和平与友好条约》，此条约保留了外交关系接受印度指导的条文（条约第2款），印度则每年同样付给不丹政府经费（条约第3款）。据此条约，不丹进口武器需要印度批准和‘协助’（条约第6款）；德旺吉里（Dewangiri，或Diwangiri）附近约80平方公里的领土归还不丹（条约第4款）。中国网传，本条约规定墨拉萨丁归属不丹，实际上本条约除了Dewangiri的移交，不涉及任何其他双方的边界领土处置。
条约全文：
TREATY OF PERPETUAL PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OFINDIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN
Darjeeling,
8 August 1949
The Government of India on the one part, and His Highness The DrukGyalpo's Government on the other part, equally animated by thedesire to regulate in a friendly manner and upon a solid anddurable basis the state of affairs caused by the termination of theBritish Government's authority in India, and to promote and fosterthe relations of friendship and neighbourliness so necessary forthe well-being of their peoples, have resolved to conclude thefollowing treaty, and have, for this purpose named theirrepresentatives, that is to say Sri Harishwar Dayal representingthe Government of India, who has full powers to agree to the saidtreaty on behalf of the Government of India, and Deb Zimpon Sonam,Tobgye Dorji, Yang-Lop Sonam, Chho-Zim Thondup, Rin-Zim Tandin andHa Drung Jigmie Palden Dorji, representing the Government of HisHighness the Druk Gyalpo, Maharaja of Bhutan, who have full powersto agree to the same on behalf of the Government of Bhutan.
Article I
There shall be perpetual peace and friendship between theGovernment of India and the Government of Bhutan.
Article II
The Government of India undertakes to exercise no interference inthe internal administration of Bhutan. On its part the Governmentof Bhutan agrees to be guided by the advice of the Government ofIndia in regard to its external relations.
Article III
In place of the compensation granted to the Government of Bhutanunder Article 4 of the Treaty of Sinchula and enhanced by thetreaty of the eighth day of January 1910 and the temporary subsidyof Rupees one lakh per annum granted in 1942, the Government ofIndia agrees to make an annual payment of Rupees five lakhs to theGovernment of Bhutan. And it is further hereby agreed that the saidannual payment shall be made on the tenth day of January everyyear, the first payment being made on the tenth day of January1950. This payment shall continue so long as this treaty remains inforce and its terms are duly observed.
Article IV
Further to mark the friendship existing and continuing between thesaid Governments, the Government of India shall, within one yearfrom the date of signature of this treaty, return to the Governmentof Bhutan about thirty-two square miles of territory in the areaknown as Dewangiri. The Government of India shall appoint acompetent officer or officers to mark out the area so returned tothe Government of Bhutan.
Article V
There shall, as heretofore, be free trade and commerce between theterritories of the Government of India and of the Government ofBhutan; and the Government of India agrees to grant the Governmentof Bhutan every facility for the carriage, by land and water, ofits produce throughout the territory of the Government of India,including the right to use such forest roads as may be specified bymutual agreement from time to time.
Article VI
The Government of India agrees that the Government of Bhutan shallbe free to import with the assistance and approval of theGovernment of India, from or through India into Bhutan, whateverarms, ammunition, machinery, warlike material or stores may berequired or desired for the strength and welfare of Bhutan, andthat this arrangement shall hold good for all time as long as theGovernment of India is satisfied that the intentions of theGovernment of Bhutan are friendly and that there is no danger toIndia from such importations. The Government of Bhutan, on theother hand, agrees that there shall be no export of such arms,ammunition, etc., across the frontier of Bhutan either by theGovernment of Bhutan or by private individuals.
Article VII
The Government of India and the Government of Bhutan agree thatBhutanese subjects residing in Indian territories shall have equaljustice with Indian subjects, and that Indian subjects residing inBhutan shall have equal justice with the subjects of the Governmentof Bhutan.
Article VIII
(1) The Government of India shall, on demand being duly made inwriting by the Government of Bhutan, take proceedings in accordancewith the provisions of the Indian Extradition Act, 1903 (of which acopy shall be furnished to the Government of Bhutan), for thesurrender of all Bhutanese subjects accused of any of the crimesspecified in the first schedule of the said Act who may take refugein Indian territory.
(2) The Government of Bhutan shall, on requisition being duly madeby the Government of India, or by any officer authorised by theGovernment of India in this behalf, surrender any Indian subjects,or subjects of a foreign power, whose extradition may be requiredin pursuance of any agreement or arrangements made by theGovernment of India with the said power, accused of any of thecrimes, specified in the first schedule of Act XV of 1903, who maytake refuge in the territory under the jurisdiction of theGovernment of Bhutan, and also any Bhutanese subjects who, aftercommitting any of the crimes referred to in Indian territory, shallflee into Bhutan, on such evidence of their guilt being produced asshall satisfy the local court of the district in which the offencemay have been committed.
Article IX
Any differences and disputes arising in the application orinterpretation of this treaty shall in the first instance besettled by negotiation. If within three months of the start ofnegotiations no settlement is arrived at, then the matter shall bereferred to the Arbitration of three arbitrators, who shall benationals of either India or Bhutan, chosen in the followingmanner:
(1) One person nominated by the Government of India;
(2) One person nominated by the Government of Bhutan;
(3) A Judge of the Federal Court, or of a High Court in India, tobe chosen by the Government of Bhutan, who shall be Chairman. Thejudgernent of this Tribunal shall be final and executed withoutdelay by either party.
Article X
This treaty shall continue in force in perpetuity unless terminatedor modified by mutual consent.
DONE in duplicate at Darjeeling this eighth day of August, onethousand nine hundred and forty-nine, corresponding with theBhutanese date the fifteenth day of the sixth month of theEarth-Bull year.
HARISHWAR DAYAE Political Officer in Sikkim.
DEB ZIMPON SONAM
TOBGYE DORJI
YANG-LOP SONAM
CHHO-ZIM THONDUP
RIN-ZIM TANDIN
HA DRUNG JIGMIE PALDEN DORJI
Instruments of Ratification
WHEREAS a Treaty relating to the promotion of, and fostering therelations of friendship and neighbourliness was signed atDarjeeling on the 8th day of August 1949 by representatives of theGovernment of India and of the Government of His Holiness the DrukGyalpo, Maharaja of Bhutan, which Treaty is, word for word, asfollows:
* * * * * * * * * * * *
The Government of India, having considered the treaty aforesaid,hereby confirm and ratify the same and undertake faithfully toperform and carry out all the stipulations therein contained.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF this instrument of ratification is signed andsealed by the Governor-General of India.
DONE at New Delhi, the 22nd day of September, 1949.
C. RAJAGOPALACHARI,
Governor-General of India.
WHEREAS a Treaty relating to the promotion of, and fostering,relations of friendship and neighbourliness was signed atDarjeeling on the eighth day of August, 1949 by Representatives ofmy Government and of the Government of India, which Treaty is, wordfor word, as follows:
* * * * * * * * * * * *
My Government, having considered the treaty aforesaid, herebyconfirm and ratify the same and undertake faithfully to perform andcarry out all the stipulations therein contained.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF I have signed this instrument of ratificationand affixed hereto my seal.
DONE at Tongsa the fifteenth day of September, 1949.
J. WANGCHUK Druk Gyalpo Seal.
附录4：不丹-印度友好条约（2007年）
背景：
2007年2月8日，不丹与印度再次修订《永久和平与友好条约》。新条约删除了旧约的外交指导条款，也删除了印度每年给不丹提供贡金的条款（请原谅我用贡金这个词，因为最开始英国开了口子答应提供这笔钱，就是希望不丹不要下山烦他们，因此它和北宋的岁币一个性质），并名义上放松不丹进口武器的条件为：只要印度相信不丹的友好态度以及良好意图（条约第4款）。
此外，本条约的名称删除了1949年的旧版本条约的perpetual和peace两个词。因此，本条约既不和平，恐怕也不永久。
本条约可以视为沈久拉（Sinchula）条约以来，不丹的宗主权从中国转移到英国，继而被印度继承后，不丹获得完全独立的一个条约文件。
条约全文：
INDIA-BHUTAN FRIENDSHIP TREATY
The Government of the Republic of India and the Government of theKingdom of Bhutan:
Reaffirming their respect for each other's independence,sovereignty and territorial integrity;
Recalling the historical relations that have existed between ourtwo countries;
Recognizing with deep satisfaction the manner in which theserelations have evolved and matured over the years into a model ofgood neighbourly relations;
Being fully committed to further strengthening this enduring andmutually beneficial relationship based on genuine goodwill andfriendship, shared interests, and close understanding andcooperation;
Desiring to clearly reflect this exemplary relationship as itstands today; And having decided, through mutual consent, to updatethe 1949 Treaty relating to the promotion of, and fostering therelations of friendship and neighbourliness between India andBhutan;
Have agreed as follows:
Article 1
There shall be perpetual peace and friendship between India andBhutan.
Article 2
In keeping with the abiding ties of close friendship andcooperation between Bhutan and India, the Government of the Kingdomof Bhutan and the Government of the Republic of India shallcooperate closely with each other on issues relating to theirnational interests. Neither Government shall allow the use of itsterritory for activities harmful to the national security andinterest of the other.
Article 3
There shall, as heretofore, be free trade and commerce between theterritories of the Government of Bhutan and the Government ofIndia. Both the Governments shall provide full cooperation andassistance to each other in the matter of trade and commerce.
Article 4
The Government of India agrees that the Government of Bhutan shallbe free to import, from or through India into Bhutan, whateverarms, ammunition, machinery, warlike material or stores as may berequired or desired for the strength and welfare of Bhutan, andthat this arrangement shall hold good for all time as long as theGovernment of India is satisfied that the intentions of theGovernment of Bhutan are friendly and that there is no danger toIndia from such importations. The Government of Bhutan agrees thatthere shall be no export of such arms, ammunition and materialsoutside Bhutan either by the Government of Bhutan or by privateindividuals.
Article 5
The Government of Bhutan and the Government of India agree thatBhutanese subjects residing in Indian territories shall have equaljustice with Indian subjects, and that Indian subjects residing inBhutan shall have equal justice with the subjects of the Governmentof Bhutan.
Article 6
The extradition of persons wanted by either state for crimes andfor unlawful activities affecting their security shall be inkeeping with the extradition agreements between the twocountries.
Article 7
The Government of Bhutan and the Government of India agree topromote cultural exchanges and cooperation between the twocountries. These shall be extended to such areas as education,health, sports, science and technology.
Article 8
The Government of Bhutan and the Government of India agree tocontinue to consolidate and expand their economic cooperation formutual and longterm benefit.
Article 9
Any differences and disputes arising in the interpretation andapplication of this Treaty shall be settled bilaterally bynegotiations in a spirit of trust and understanding in consonancewith the historically close ties of friendship and mutuallybeneficial cooperation that form the bedrock of Bhutan-Indiarelations.
Article 10
This Treaty shall come into force upon the exchange of Instrumentsof Ratification by the two Governments which shall take place inThimphu within one month of the signing of this Treaty. The Treatyshall continue in force in perpetuity unless terminated or modifiedby mutual consent.
In witness whereof, the undersigned being duly authorized theretoby their respective Governments, have signed this Treaty.
Done at New Delhi on the Eighth Day of February Two Thousand andSeven, in two originals each in Hindi, Dzongkha and Englishlanguages, each text being equally authentic. However, in case ofdifference, the English text shall prevail.
For the Government of For the Government of
The Republic of India the Kingdom of Bhutan
Sd/- Sd/-
(Pranab Mukherjee) (H.R.H.Trongsa Penlop
Minister of External Affairs Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck)
The Crown Prince of Bhutan
Source: Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, NewDelhi.
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