编译/陈能场（广东省生态环境技术研究所研究员、土壤观察微信公号主编）
（1）2010年1月推出修订的《CAP交叉遵守土地保护评估》 （2）检讨在《环境管理》下, 有否需要提供未来的选择, 以改善土壤保护 （3）提出一个新的目标, 到2020年显著降低土壤储碳的损失率。 （4）承诺为泥炭保护制定一个新的行动框架, 包括2010后园艺泥炭使用。 （5）审查再生物料进入土壤的污染物的阈值。 （6） 对建筑地盘发布新的《土壤使用守则》, 并于2010年为规划人员提供新的工具包, 将土壤功能说纳入规划制度。 (7) 检讨现行规划政策中的保护重要的土壤的成效，以及是否有需要加以更新。 (8) 出版新的关于污染土地决策的最佳实践指南。
我们的愿景: 到 2030年, 英格兰的所有的土壤将得到持续地管理, 并成功地解决退化威胁，这将提高英格兰的土壤质量, 并保障它们为子孙后代提供基本服务的能力。 1. 我们的愿景具体指： (1) 农业土壤将得到更好的管理, 对它们的威胁将得到解除; (2) 土壤将在对抗气候变化和以及帮助我们应对气候变化的影响中发挥更大的作用; (3) 在发展过程中, 城市区域的土壤将受到重视, 建设过程中将确保重要的土壤功能得以维持。 (4) 防止土壤污染, 我们的历史遗留的污染土壤将得到治理。 2. 土壤是生命赖以生存的基本自然资源。它提供了许多基本服务, 包括粮食生产、水管理和对宝贵的生物多样性和生态系统的支持。作为大型碳库, 土壤在抗击气候变化方面也扮演着重要的角色。 3. 在过去的200年里, 由于集约化的农业生产和工业污染, 我们的土壤退化了。英国的土壤继续面临三大威胁: （1）土壤遭受风蚀和水蚀。土壤侵蚀不仅影响土壤的生产力，也影响水质和水生生态系统。 （2）土壤压实。降低农业生产力和水分渗透，增加地表径流导致更大的洪水风险。 （3）土壤有机质下降。有机质的损失降低土壤质量，影响养分供应，阻碍植物生长，并增加对大气的碳排放。 4. 所有这些威胁都可能因气候变化而放大。为子孙后代保护土壤意味着要管理得更好, 减少退化和增强抗灾能力, 以便提供可持续的粮食供应和应付我们不断变化的气候。 5. 土壤变化缓慢, 我们对这些变化的理解是不完整的。此外, 我们现今的行动所产生的影响可能多年都看不到。为了防止土壤退化, 我们需要发展我们的知识, 并开始采取行动, 为我们今后将面临的挑战创建必要的土壤复原能力。 6. 本战略强调了我们将优先考虑的重点，将注意力集中在应对退化威胁的领域。我们将主要通过改进我们的证据基础，为积极管理土壤的人提供信息和指导，并在必要时采取法规和激励措施来推动进一步行动，从而实现这一战略。但是，单靠政府，无法维护后代的土壤资源。农民和其他土地管理者，开发商，规划者和建筑公司都必须在可持续管理土壤和保护土壤功能方面发挥作用。消费者还必须获得他们需要的信息，这一战略突出了我们将优先考虑的领域, 并将注意力集中在对付退化威胁上。我们将主要通过改进我们的知识（evidence）基础, 为那些积极管理土壤的人员提供信息和指导, 并在必要时利用规章和激励措施来推动进一步的行动。然而, 单靠政府无法维护子孙后代的土壤资源。农民和其他土地管理人员、开发商、规划者和建筑公司都必须在可持续地管理土壤和保护土壤功能方面发挥自己的作用。消费者还必须得到他们所需要的信息, 以便在购买堆肥等产品时做出负责任的选择。
7. 农民、林农和其他土地管理人员管理着我们大多数的土壤。实现我们的愿景意味着与一系列组织合作, 促进良好农业操作规范, 并激励改善我们农业土壤的管理。 8. 我们已经在防止土壤退化方面取得了重大进展, 通过了现有的方案, 如CAP交叉遵守（CAP Cross compliance）【注1】, 环境管理, 英格兰流域敏感农业交付计划和新的良好农业操作规范守则。现在的挑战是, 根据关于土壤退化原因的最新证据，提高这些措施的有效性，以及防止土壤退化的最佳方法。我们还需要考虑对土壤的新威胁，并确保这些威胁在未来不会演化成重大问题。 9. 我们目前每年在土壤和水管理研究上花费500万英镑, 并将继续投资，以提高认识土壤退化如何影响土壤功能，以及如何最有效地解决这一问题。我们将在目前给提供给农民和土地所有者的信息和指南为基础，确保该行业有必要的技能和知识, 以解决土壤退化。这将包括出版关于良好农业操作的新指南, 以保护和增加土壤有机质。 10. 作为对《CAP交叉遵守》(CAP cross compliance)执行情况的审查的一部分, 我们将从2010年1月起对《土壤保护评估》进行修订，以改善土壤保护, 并尽可能简化给农民。此外, 我们还会在环境管理下检讨未来选择的需要，以改善土壤保护，并研究在关键区域采取进一步行动的可能性。。
11. 英国的土壤以有机质的形式存储了超过100亿吨的碳。这个储量意味着土壤在帮助应对气候变化方面发挥着至关重要的作用。《2008气候变化法案》介绍，防止土壤排放和探索如何增加现有的土壤碳库可为实现政府减排目标和碳预算作出重要贡献。 12. 英国的一半以上的土壤碳储存在泥炭土中。已经采取了一些措施来保护和加强泥炭及其支持的宝贵的生物多样性。 “泥炭伙伴计划”项目于2008年设立，由英国环境、食品和农村事务部，法定机构和权力下放的行政部门协调行动。 13. 需要建立有力的证据基础, 以支持制定保护土壤碳的政策和措施。我们需要更有力的证据来证明土壤碳含量的趋势和低成本高效益的技术来保护或增加土壤碳, 以及保护、管理和恢复泥炭地。我们还必须探讨从新兴技术中可能取得的好处, 例如生物炭 (一种以木炭的形式锁定土壤中的碳)。 14. 我们必须尽我们所能, 确保现有的碳储存受到保护。着眼于今后的行动，确保今后所有关于土壤的政策发展都以保护我们现有的碳储存库为指导, 这项战略确立了一个新目标, 即在2020年之前大幅度降低储存土壤碳的损失率。为支持这一目标, 我们将制定一个新的行动框架, 保护我们宝贵的泥炭生境, 包括采取新措施, 鼓励在目前的指标期于2010年结束时进一步减少泥炭园艺的使用。
15. 英国最新的“气候预测2009” 【注2】显示, 由于气候变化, 英国可能会遇到炎热干燥的夏季和温暖的冬季, 再加上热浪、干旱、暴雨和洪水等极端天气的频率增加。这有可能对我们的土壤产生重大影响, 并增加其退化和包括生产损失的相关成本的风险。 16. 我们需要更好地了解气候变化对土壤的可能影响, 并确保我们的政策框架支持土地管理人员建立适应气候变化和保护现有碳库的能力。土壤能支持经济和社会更广泛地适应气候变化。例如, 如果管理得当, 土壤可以更好地应付干旱和调节暴雨的排水, 有助于防止洪水泛滥。 17. 我们将继续使用新的预测来模拟气候变化对我们土壤的可能影响，并利用这些信息来确定土壤管理措施中所需要的改变，使包括泥炭土在内的土壤更加适应气候变化。
18. 多年来, 通过扩散污染逐渐积累的污染物对土壤功能产生严重的威胁。许多不同来源的污染物进入土壤, 如果进入食物链或饮水水源, 就会对人类健康产生不利影响。修复含有污染物的土壤是困难的，也是昂贵的, 因此行动必须集中力量尽可能防止土壤污染。 19. 英国环境、食品和农村事务部开展了一项大型的研究计划, 以更好地了解土壤污染的风险, 证据表明, 现在大多数土壤污染源都得到了适当的控制。然而, 持续的大气沉积以及有机和无机物质向土地扩散的增加日益令人关注。 20. 将再生物料铺放到土地对增加土壤有机质、减少肥料需求和从填埋场转移合适的物料是非常重要的。我们将确保在继续监测污染物趋势的同时, 鼓励将物料归还土地, 并进一步调查通过回收物料减少污染物进入土壤的潜力。我们亦会不断检讨进入土壤的重金属的现行阈值, 以及现有的建议、质量方案和铺放到土地的物料的标准, 以确保这一切能反映最新的科学认知。 21. 我们将继续在关于远程空气污染和欧洲联盟的国际讨论中发挥积极作用, 例如根据欧洲委员会绿皮文件提出的可能的生物指令, 以促进我们的目标, 并确保在这一领域中联合王国得出的证据基础上进行讨论。
22. 在城市地区, 土壤在支持生态系统、改善排水和为社区提供绿地方面发挥着重要作用。这些作用受制于众多要求和压力, 如果在建设和发展过程中不小心加以管理, 这些重要的功能就会丢失。 23. 未来随着人口的增长, 我们的土壤压力和土地竞争可能会增加。我们需要更好地了解这些趋势以及我们的土壤不断变化的需求。我们还需要确保在规划过程中适当考虑到土壤, 我们将在2010年为规划人员出版一个新的工具箱, 以帮助他们考虑到计划系统中的土壤功能, 包括土壤碳储存。 24. 我们必须确保规划决策充分考虑到土壤质量, 特别是在涉及最好和最多用途的农用土地的重要领域的情况下。我们将与社区和地方政府（CLG） 一起审查现有规划政策的有效性, 以保护重要的土壤, 并考虑是否需要更新。 25. 我们将鼓励在施工过程中更好地管理土壤, 以防止污染和不必要的压实。除了这项策略外, 我们还与商业、创新和技能部（BIS）以及《废物和资源行动计划》一起出版了一项新的建筑工地土壤使用的操作守则, 并将鼓励建造业内部采取这一做法【注3】。
26. 工业遗产给我们留下了大量的土地, 这些土壤被人类活动的化学物质所污染。这些污染地块可能对人类健康和环境构成重大威胁。根据《1990环境保护法》, 并通过规划系统制定的条例, 确保在可能的情况下通过市场活动确认和修复污染的土地。财政激励措施和棕地再开发目标已经推动了前工业用地大面积的治理。 27. 必须继续拓展我们对受污染土地对人类健康和环境的影响的理解, 以确保相关政策适当和适度。我们还需要继续支持地方当局更有效地实施现有制度。在2008年7月发布的“污染土地法定定义”指导意见的基础上，我们将于本年稍后时间公布新的最佳操作指引, 以协助地方当局官员更有信心地做出相应而有力的决策。它还将继续鼓励采取更可持续的修复措施, 而不涉及大规模清除和更换土壤。 28. 我们将继续为那些对人类健康和环境造成重大危险的以及没有找到其他解决办法的污染场址提供资金。在2009-2010年间英国环境、食品和农村事务部有1750万美元的资金可用于支持地方当局调查和修复受污染的场址。
29. 英国环境、食品和农村事务部与其他组织合作，为广泛的研究提供资金。在整个战略中都强调了我们的证据基础的关键差距。我们将与其他资助者紧密合作, 协调研究工作, 以填补这些空白, 并加强我们对土壤所承受的压力和解决退化所需措施的认识。 30. 土壤监测为土壤的状况和变化提供了重要的证据，支持政策的制定, 并使我们能够评估其有效性。自1978年以来, 通过《农村调查》（the Countryside Survey）, 对英国农村的自然资源状况进行了长期监测, 其中包括对土壤的分析。我们将继续利用这一《调查》收集数据, 但也将探讨通过其他监测方案收集更多信息的各种选择。作为其中的一部分, 我们将在《英国土壤指标联盟》（the UK Soil Indicators Consortium）的工作的基础上，建立一套更广泛的土壤质量指标。我们目前正在测试一些新的土壤质量的生物指标，以便可能纳入未来的土壤监测计划。
31. 许多政府部门、机构和利益相关方对土壤政策或在提供我们的成果方面的作用都感兴趣。为了加强我们的伙伴关系, 我们将审查和扩大土壤咨询论坛的成员。咨询论坛将在今后的政策制定中发挥关键作用, 并协助监测和评价本战略的执行情况。 32. 土壤是一个权力下放的政策领域【编译者注】, 虽然这一战略只为英格兰所制定, 但在整个英国的土壤有许多类似的问题。我们将继续就本战略所列的许多优先事项与权力下放的行政当局合作, 以确保做法一致。在英国层面, 这种参与也将有助于促进更有效的信息交流, 特别是在土壤研究方面。 33. 我们还将继续促进在欧洲一级分享土壤保护的最佳做法。 2006年9月发表的《欧盟土壤保护专题战略》【注4】的关键内容已向本战略提供了信息。在正在进行的关于拟议的“欧盟土壤框架指令”的讨论中, 我们将继续主张采取灵活和相称的办法, 以补充现有的国家行动。 【注1】交叉遵守是（欧共体）“共同农业政策”（CAP）的一套标准要求，用于保护土壤，并保持一个范围的栖息地和景观特征，任何人要求支付单一支付计划。 环境管理是英格兰主要的农业环境计划（覆盖英格兰一半以上的农田），并为在土地上进行有效环境管理的农民和其他土地管理者提供资金。 其五个主要目标之一是帮助保护自然资源，包括土壤。 英格兰流域敏感农业交付计划（ECSFDI）旨在解决农业中的弥漫性水污染问题，以达到“水框架指令”的目标。 “良好农业规范”（CoGaP）为农业最佳实践提供了立法和建议的实际解释。 【注2】Defra (2009), Adapting to Climate Change: UK Climate Projections. 【注3】参见英国环境、食品和农村事务部网站，了解施工现场土壤可持续利用的新建筑施工守则。http://www./environment/land/soil/htm。 【注4】 http://ec./environment/soil/three_en.htm 【编译者注】在英国, 权力下放（Devolution）是指从英国议会向苏格兰议会授予权力的法定授权, 威尔士、北爱尔兰议会和伦敦议会的国民议会及其相关的执行机构苏格兰政府、威尔士政府、北爱尔兰行政当局和英格兰、大伦敦权力机构和联合机构。 附录： 英文
Our vision: By 2030, all England’s soils will be managed sustainably and degradation threats tackled successfully. This will improve the quality of England’s soils and safeguard their ability to provide essential services for future generations. 1. Our vision will mean that: （1）agricultural soils will be better managed and threats to them will be addressed; （2）soils will play a greater role in the fight against climate change and in helping us to manage its impacts; （3）soils in urban areas will be valued during development, and construction practices will ensure vital soil functions can be maintained; and （4）pollution of our soils is prevented, and our historic legacy of contaminated land is being dealt with. 2. Soil is a fundamental natural resource on which life depends. It provides many essential services on which we rely including food production, water management and support for valuable biodiversity and ecosystems. As a large store of carbon it also plays a vital role in the fight against climate change. 3. Our soils have degraded over the last 200 years due to intensive agricultural production and industrial pollution. Soils in England continue to face three main threats: （1）Soil erosion by wind and rain. Erosion affects both the productivity of soils but also water quality and aquatic ecosystems. （2）Compaction of soil reduces agricultural productivity and water infiltration, and increases flood risk through higher levels of run off. （3）Organic matter decline. The loss of soil organic matter reduces soil quality, affecting the supply of nutrients and making it more difficult for plants to grow, and increases emissions to the atmosphere. 4. All these threats may be magnified by climate change. Safeguarding our soils for future generations means managing them better, reducing degradation and building resilience to increasing pressures in order to provide a sustainable food supply and cope with our changing climate. 5. Soil changes slowly, and our understanding of these changes is incomplete. In addition, the impacts of our actions today may not be seen for many years. To prevent degradation of our soils we need to develop our knowledge and start taking action now to build the necessary resilience to the challenges we will face in the future. 6. This Strategy highlights those areas which we will prioritise and focus our attention in tackling degradation threats. We will deliver this Strategy primarily through improving our evidence base, providing information and guidance to those who are actively managing our soils, and using regulation and incentives where necessary to drive further action. However, government alone cannot safeguard our soil resource for future generations. Farmers and other land managers, developers, planners and construction companies must all play their part in managing soils sustainably and protecting soil functions. Consumers must also be given the information they need to make responsible choices when buying products such as compost.
7. Farmers, foresters and other land managers manage the majority of our soils. Achieving our vision means working in partnership with a range of organisations to promote good practice and incentivise improved management of our agricultural soils. 8. We have already made significant progress in preventing soil degradation through existing programmes such as CAP cross compliance, Environmental Stewardship, the England Catchment Sensitive Farming Delivery Initiative and the new Code of Good Agricultural Practice.【1】 The challenge now is to improve the effectiveness of these tools in the light of emerging evidence about the causes of soil degradation and the best ways to prevent it. We also need to consider new threats to soils and ensure that these do not become significant problems in the future. 9. We currently spend ￡5 million a year on soils and water management research and will continue to invest in improving our understanding of how degradation affects soil functions and how best to tackle it. We will build on existing information and guidance for farmers and landowners to ensure that the industry has the necessary skills and knowledge to tackle soil degradation. This will include publishing new guidance on good agricultural practice to protect and increase soil organic matter. 10. As part of the review of CAP cross compliance, we will introduce a revised Soil Protection Review from January 2010 in order to improve soil protection and simplify the process for farmers wherever possible. We will also review the need for future options under Environmental Stewardship to improve soil protection and examine opportunities for further targeting of action on key sites.
11. UK soils store over 10 billion tonnes of carbon in the form of organic matter. The size of this store means soil has a vital role to play in helping to combat climate change. Preventing emissions from soil and exploring how to increase existing stores of soil carbon can make an important contribution to meeting the Government’s emission reduction targets and carbon budgets, introduced by the Climate Change Act 2008.
12. Over half of the UK’s soil carbon store is contained in peat soils. A number of measures are already in place to protect and enhance peat, and the valuable biodiversity it supports. The Partnership Project on Peat, set up in 2008, brings together DEFRA, the statutory agencies and devolved administrations to coordinate action. 13. A robust evidence base is needed to underpin the development of policies and measures to protect soil carbon. We need better evidence on trends in soil carbon levels and cost-effective techniques for protecting or increasing soil carbon, and protecting, managing and restoring peatlands. We must also explore the benefits which could potentially be achieved from emerging technologies, for example biochar (a way of locking carbon in soil in the form of charcoal). 14. We must do all we can to ensure that the existing carbon store is protected. To focus future actions and ensure that all future policy development on soils is guided by the need to protect our existing carbon stores, this strategy establishes a new goal to significantly reduce the rate of loss of stored soil carbon by 2020. To support this we will develop a new framework for action for protecting our valuable peat habitats including new measures to encourage a further reduction in horticultural use of peat once the current target period comes to an end in 2010.
15. The latest UK Climate Projections 2009【2】 show that as a result of climate change the UK is likely to see hotter drier summers and warmer wetter winters, coupled with increased frequency of extreme weather occurrences such as heat waves, dry spells, heavy rain and flooding. This has the potential to have a significant effect on our soils and increase the risk of their degradation and associated costs, including lost production. 16. We need to understand better the likely impacts of climate change on soil and ensure our policy framework supports land managers in building resilience to a changing climate and protecting the existing carbon store. Soils also have the potential to support wider adaptation of the economy and society to climate change. For example, if well managed, soils can cope better with drought and regulate drainage of heavy rainfall, helping to prevent flooding. 17. We will continue to model the possible impacts of climate change on our soils using the new projections and use this information to identify any changes needed to soil management practices to make soils, including peat soils, more resilient to a changing climate.
18. The gradual build up of pollutants over many years through diffuse pollution is a serious threat to soil functions. Pollutants enter the soil from many sources and can adversely affect human health if they enter into the food chain or drinking water sources. Remediating soils which contain pollutants is difficult and expensive and so action must focus on preventing soil pollution wherever possible. 19. DEFRA has carried out a large programme of research to better understand the risk of soil pollution and evidence suggests that most sources of soil pollution are now suitably controlled. However, continued atmospheric deposition and the increase in the spreading of organic and inorganic materials to land is an area of growing concern. 20. Spreading recycled materials to land is important for increasing soil organic matter, reducing fertiliser requirements and diverting suitable materials from landfill. We will ensure that the return of materials to land is encouraged whilst continuing to monitor trends in pollutants and investigate further the potential for reducing pollutants entering soil through recycled materials. We will also keep under review the current thresholds for heavy metals entering soil, as well as existing advice, quality protocols and standards for the use of materials spread to land to ensure that they reflect the latest scientific understanding. 21. We will continue to play an active role in international discussions on long range air pollution and in the European Union, for example on the possible Biowaste Directive suggested by the European Commission Green Paper, to further our objectives and ensure discussions are informed by the developing UK evidence base in this area.
22. Soils play an important role in urban areas in supporting ecosystems, improving drainage and providing green space for communities. They are subject to many demands and pressures and, if not managed carefully during construction and development, these important functions can be lost. 23. Pressures on our soils and competition for land are likely to increase in future with expected population growth. We need to understand these trends better and the changing demands on our soils. We also need to ensure that appropriate consideration is given to soils in the planning process and we will publish a new toolkit for planners in 2010 to help them to take account of soil functions, including soil carbon storage, in the planning system. 24. We must ensure that planning decisions take sufficient account of soil quality, particularly when significant areas of the best and most versatile agricultural land are involved. Together with Communities and Local Government (CLG), we will review the effectiveness of existing planning policy to protect important soils and consider whether there is a need to update it. 25. We will encourage better management of soils during the construction process to prevent pollution and unnecessary compaction. Alongside this strategy we are publishing, jointly with the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) and the Waste and Resources Action Plan (WRAP), a new code of practice for soil use on construction sites and will encourage take up within the construction industry.
26. Our industrial heritage has left us with a substantial legacy of sites with soils that are contaminated with chemicals from human activities. These sites can pose a significant risk to human health and the environment. Regulation is in place under the Environmental Protection Act 1990 and through the planning system to ensure that contaminated land is identified and remediated through market activity wherever possible. Fiscal incentives and brownfield redevelopment targets have driven the cleaning up of large areas of former industrial land. 27. We need to continue to develop our understanding of the impacts of contaminated land on human health and the environment to ensure relevant policies are appropriate and proportionate. We also need to continue to support Local Authorities in delivering the existing regime more effectively. Building on guidance published in July 2008 on The Legal Definition of Contaminated Land, we will publish new best practice guidance on decision making later this year to help Local Authority officers make proportionate and robust decisions more confidently. It will also continue to encourage moves to more sustainable remediation practices that do not involve the wholesale removal and replacement of soil. 28. We will continue to provide funding for those sites which pose a significant risk to human health and the environment and where no other solution can be found. During 2009/10 ￡17.5 million of DEFRA funding was available to support Local Authorities in investigating and remediating contaminated sites.
29. DEFRA funds a wide range of research in partnership with other organisations. Key gaps in our evidence base are highlighted throughout the strategy. We will work closely with other funders to coordinate the commissioning of research to fill these gaps and strengthen our understanding of the pressures on soils and the measures required to address degradation. 30. Soil monitoring provides vital evidence on the state of, and change, in our soils, underpinning policy development and allowing us to evaluate its effectiveness. Long term monitoring of the state of the natural resources of the UK's countryside has been carried out since 1978 through the Countryside Survey, which includes analysis of soils. We will continue to use the Survey to collect data, but will also explore options for collecting additional information through other monitoring schemes. As part of this we will establish a wider set of soil quality indicators, building on the work of the UK Soil Indicators Consortium. We are also currently trialling some new biological indicators of soil quality for possible inclusion in future soil monitoring programmes.
31. Many Government Departments, Agencies and stakeholders have an interest in soil policy or a role in delivering our outcomes. To strengthen our partnerships, we will review and extend the membership of the Soils Advisory Forum. The Advisory Forum will play a key role in future policy development as well as assisting with monitoring and evaluating the delivery of this Strategy. 32. Soil is a devolved policy area and whilst this Strategy is for England only, there are many similar issues facing soils throughout the UK. We will continue to work with the Devolved Administrations on many of the priorities set out in this Strategy to ensure that our approach is consistent. Such engagement at the UK level will also help to promote more effective information exchange, particularly in relation to soil research. 33. We will also continue to promote sharing of best practice in soil protection at the European level. This Strategy has been informed by key elements of the EU Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection【4】 that was published in September 2006. In ongoing discussions on the proposed EU Soil Framework Directive we will continue to argue for a flexible and proportionate approach which complements existing national action. Summary of key new actions: （1）Revised CAP cross compliance Soil Protection Review to launch in January 2010. （2）A review of the need for future options under Environmental Stewardship to improve soil protection. （3）A new goal to significantly reduce the rate of loss of stored soil carbon by 2020. （4）A commitment to developing a new framework for action for peat protection, including on horticultural peat use post 2010. （5）Reviewing thresholds for pollutants entering soil through recycling materials to land. （6）Publishing a new code of practice for soil use on construction sites and a new toolkit for planners in 2010 on how to take account of soil functions through the planning system. （7）Reviewing the effectiveness of the existing planning policy to protect important soils and whether there is a need to update it. （8）Publishing new best practice guidance on decision making for contaminated land. 【1】Cross compliance is a set of standard requirements of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) to protect soils and maintain a range of both habitat and landscape features for anyone claiming payments under the Single Payments Scheme. Environmental Stewardship is the main agri-environment scheme in England (covering over half of England’s farmland) and provides funding to farmers and other land managers who deliver effective environmental management on their land. One of its five primary objectives is to help protect natural resources, including soil. The England Catchment Sensitive Farming Delivery Initiative (ECSFDI) aims to tackle diffuse water pollution from agriculture in order to meet the objectives of the Water Framework Directive. The Code of Good Agricultural Practice (CoGaP) offers a practical interpretation of legislation and advice on agricultural best practice. 【2】Defra (2009), Adapting to Climate Change: UK Climate Projections. 【3】See the Defra website for the new Construction Code of Practice for the Sustainable Use of Soils on Construction Sites. http://www./environment/land/soil/htm. 【4】 http://ec./environment/soil/three_en.htm 近期推荐 人物推荐 连载推荐
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