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“三长两短一并列”破解长难句

 苗苗8 2017-11-21


大多数学生在做阅读理解的时候,一遇到长难就头皮发麻,抓阿挠腮。

有没有一种简便的方法能让我们迅速破解长难句呢?

Of course!!!

这个方法就是:

“三长两短一并列”破解长难句

什么是“三长两短一并列”?


英语中的修饰成分,是造成英语句子又长又难的主要原因,而只要搞定这些修饰部分,就能搞定英语长难句。

这些修饰成分数量可以很多、位置也不好把握,但是,它们的种类却是非常固定的。这些修成分可以分为为“三长两短一平行”。


所谓“三长”,介词短语、从句、非谓语动词短语

所谓“两短”,指的是形容词、副词

所谓“一平行”,指的是是由一些并列关系的连词

(and、or、as well as等)将句子变长的重要手段。


给 “三长两短一并列”做标记

1. “三长”:介词短语、从句、非谓语动词短语


(1) 介词短语

【定义】从介词开始到名词结束、表达一个独立的完整的含义的结构。

【起止标识】标记介词短语时,要从介词开始到介词之后的第一个名词终止。

如:

at home

in the school

in the beautiful park

during my happy childhood

over the last few years

for three weeks

to the destination


【例句】

 (After chatting) (with Laura) (on this matter) (for two hours) (from 2:00 to 4:00) (in the afternoon), I returned (to my office).


(2) 从句

【定义】从句是复合句中不能独立成句,但具

有主语部分和谓语部分,

由that、who、whom、when、why、

where、how、which、if、although等关系词引导的非主句部分


【起止标识】标记从句时,一定从关系词开始,到以下四种终止。

① 到句尾终止,如:

Li Hui is a teacher (who teaches English).


② 到句中的逗号终止,如:

(When I was young), I listened to the radio.


③ 到下一个修饰成分终止,如:

I will invite Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) to Beijing. (to Beijing是介词短语,属于另一个修饰成分,故从句的标记在此处终止)


④ 到下一个谓语动词终止,如

Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) is studying in Shanghai.


(3) 非谓语动词短语

【定义】主要包括动词不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)三类。

非谓语动词开头的、表示一个独立、完整的含义的结构叫做非谓语动词短语

【起止标识】标记非谓语动词短语时,一定是从动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)或分词(现在分词doing或过去分词done)开头,到以下四种情况终止。


① 到句尾终止,如:

  Li Hui is a teacher (teaching English).


② 到句中的逗号终止,如:

  (To improve my English), I often listen to the English radio.


③ 到下一个修饰成分终止,如:

  Jack walked into the hall, (waving) to the audience. (to the audience是介词短语,属于另一修饰成分。)


④ 到下一个谓语动词终止,如:

  We, (singing a happy song), rode to school.


2. 两短

 

(1) 形容词

【定义】形容词是指用来修饰名词的单词,往往带有-ous-y-ful-able等后缀


【常见位置】

一般置于名词之前,如

 a beautiful park


修饰不定代词(somethinganythingnothingsomebodyanybodynobody)时置于不定代词之后,

一些有趣的事应译为somethinginteresting

 

(2) 副词

【定义】副词用来修饰形容词、动词等词,往往带有-ly等后缀

【常见位置】英语中,副词的用法比形容词灵活得多。

 可置于整句之前,如:

 Unfortunately, he failed to make it.


 可置于整句之后,如:

 The teacher greets his students individually.


可置于助动词、系动词、情态动词之后,实义动词之前,如:

Theprincess looks extremely beautiful today. 

(系动词之后)


He immediately saw the black cat. 

(实义动词之前)


He has undoubtedly fallen in love with the princess.

 (助动词之后,实义动词之前)


He can hardly speak anything.

(情态动词之后,实义动词之前)


可置于形容词或副词之前,如:


Thereis an extremely beautiful garden in our campus.


3. 平行并列结构

【定义】并行并列结构是指由并列词将两个或两个以上含义相似、结构相同的并列项连接起来构成的结构


【标记方法】给平行并列结构做标记的要求是:给并列词加方框,给并列项加下划线

 

【常见并列关系】


英语中可以并列的成分有很多,读句子时要注意识别到底是谁跟谁并列。


 名词并列:

Ilike the box placed on the desk and the flowersin your hand.


 形容词并列:

Mr.Smith is a kind, patient and knowledgeableEnglish teacher.


 副词并列:

Youare supposed to answer the following questions quickly and accurately.


 谓语动词并列:

Withthe Internet, people can

 not only playcomputer games but also do online shopping.


 介词短语并列

Andthat government of the people, by the people and for thepeople shall not perish from the earth.


 从句并列: 

I’vefinished reading the book (which is written by Mo Yan) and(which you lent me last month).


 非谓语动词并列:

Singing and laughing, we headed to the park.


 整句并列:

Thechildren can go with us or they can stayat home.

 

三步搞定长难句

  根据以上分析,英语句子是由主干部分+三长两短一并列组成的。我们可把这个三长两短一并列称为构成英语句子的组件。想要快速读懂一个句子,就要快速识别并准确译出每一个组件,再按照一定的逻辑将一个个组件连接起来。这就是组件分析三步法

 

Step 1: 做标记


做标记时应按照上文中的方法,给三长加括号,给并列词加方框,给并列项划下划线。

【例句】

LiHui is a teacher teaching English in Beijing which is the capital of China.


LiHui is a teacher (teaching English) (in Beijing) (which is the capital) (ofChina).

 

Step 2: 做直译


LiHui is a teacher (teaching English) (in Beijing) (which is the capital) (ofChina). 翻译时可先处理为:李辉是个老师。教什么的?教英语。在哪儿教?在北京。哪个北京?是那个首都。谁的首都?中国的首都。这样整个句子的意思就一目了然了。

 

Step 3: 调语序


上面的英语句子可以翻译成:李辉是个在中国的首都北京教英语的老师。或者李辉是个老师,在中国的首都北京教英语。

 

真题演练


  由于所举例子比较简单,所以上文中的Step2看起来或许有些多此一举。其实不然。现在我们来用一些高考题中出现过的长难句来试验上述方法,你会发现理解长难句竟变得如此轻而易举!


【真题1 The Department ofAgriculture has programs aimed at developing more farmers and at increasinginterest in locally grown food. (19词,来自2012年江苏卷阅读理解B)

 

Step1: 做标记


TheDepartment (of Agriculture) has programs (aimed) (at developing morefarmers) and (at increasing interest) (in locally grown food).

 

实际操作过程如下:

 

括号1:看到of,说明是介词短语,该介词短语到名词Agriculture结束。

 

括号2:由于has是谓语动词形式,所以可判定句中第二个出现的动词aimed应为非谓语动词;由于该词后面紧接着出现了介词at,按照一旦出现下一修饰成分,就果断将上一修饰成分结束掉的原则,我们将aimed用括号单独括起来。

 

括号3:看到at,说明是介词短语,该介词短语到名词farmers结束。

 

方框1and是并列词,该并列词的后面紧接着是由at引导的介词短语,为右并列项,因此左并列项应该同为at引导的介词短语atdeveloping more framers

 

括号4:看到in,说明是介词短语,该介词短语到名词food结束。

 

标记结束后,主干已经非常清晰了,即TheDepartment has programs

 

Step2: 做直译


  要理解这句话的意思,光知道主干还不够,其他部分代表了关键的细节信息,需要对句子大致进行翻译。根据组件分析三步法中所讲解的,要按照句子语序,对被标记后句子的每一小节挨个进行翻译,翻译时利用每小节的头一个单词进行提问和回答。TheDepartment:这个部门;ofAgriculture:什么的部门?农业的部门;hasprograms:有什么?有计划;aimed:针对什么的计划?针对……;atdeveloping more farmers:针对发展更多的农民;and:以及什么?at increasing interest:针对提高利润;inlocally grown food:哪方面的利润?本土出产的食物的利润。根据提问和回答后,我们大概理解了这句话的意思:农业部有针对发展更多农民和提高本土出产食物的利润的计划。

 

Step3: 调语序


  将句子语序调整后,得到更地道的译文:农业部已经制定了相关计划,以培养更多农民和提高本土出产的食物的利润。

  【真题2

Ifyou started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you cango to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when come home, so yourclothes are refreshed and ready to go. (41词,来自2012年山东卷阅读理解D)


Step1:做标记

(If you started) (to dryclothes) (in the morning) and forgot (totake them out), you can go (to your phone) and restart yourdryer (for the time) (when come home), (so your clothes are refreshed andready) (to go).


具体标记过程如下:


括号1If引导了条件状语从句,从if开始做标记。


括号2to dry clothes是非谓语中的不定式,故在to之前结束上一修饰成分。


括号3in引导介词短语,故结束上一修饰成分。该介词短语标记到名词morning结束。


方框1and为并列连词,紧跟其后的forgot是其右并列项,向前寻找结构相似的左并列项,发现是started


括号4:看见to,发现toyour phone为非谓语中的不定式,标记到名词phone结束。


方框2and为并列连词。紧跟其后的restart是其右并列项,向前寻找结构相似的左并列项,发现是go。此处为谓语动词并列。


括号5for the time为介词短语,标记到名词time结束。


括号6when come home为定语从句,标记到逗号结束。


括号7so引导结果状语从句。


括号8to go为不定式。


Step2: 做直译

  参照被标记后的句子,按照句子语序一小节一小节进行提问和回答。Ifyou started:如果什么?如果你开始;todry clothes:去做什么?烘干衣服;inthe morning:在什么时候?在早上;and:而且什么?forgot:而且忘了;totake them out:忘了做什么?把它们拿出来;youcan go:你可以去;toyour phone:去做什么?(使用)你的电话;and;并做什么?restartyour dryer:并重启你的烘干机;forthe time:为了什么?为了这个时间;when come home:当什么时候?当回家的时候;soyour clothes are refreshed and ready 这样就怎么了?这样你的衣服就被重新烘干并且准备好了;togo:准备好去做什么?去走(即已经准备好出炉)

 

Step3: 调语序

  将译文调整之后为:如果你早上开始烘干衣服并忘了把它们拿出来,那么你可以用手机重新启动烘干机,这样在你回到家的时候,衣服已经重新烘干并可以取出来了。

   

长难句例句分析:


1. Even Chinas population will bedeclining by the early 2030s, according to the UN, which projects that by 2050populations will be lower than they are today in 50 countries. 


2. That is surely how history will judge modern criticismof video games, which are accused of turning young people into violentcriminals.


3. An animal that can remember the significance of thatlarge, nasty-looking thing with the big teeth and sharp claws will survivelonger and produce more offspring. 


4. If I ever had any doubts about how demanding a teachers job is, it would have disappeared for good when I spentsome time recently in schools. 


5. The trouble with that approach is that consumers tendto prefer devices that require simply plugging them in, without complicatedsetups of wireless channels, security, and other features common to homenetworks.


6. Davies says guidance must strike a balance betweenbeing flexible enough to take account of the differences between disciplinesand providing enough detail to be of use. 


7. Some great manufacturers and great service companiesmay have become too lean in their relentless drive to reduce costs, outsourcingnot just their non-core activities but essential ones too.


8.Some great manufacturers and great service companiesmay have become too lean in their relentless drive to reduce costs, outsourcingnot just their non-core activities but essential ones too.


9.Having succeeded as a convenient vehicle for everyconceivable political and commercial slogan, the threads themselves arebecoming the newest message, logically enough. 


10. Clever though this is, it is just a steppingstone towards the direct incorporation of fuel cells into portable devices and,in particular, laptopsthe application thatremains the industrys Holy Grail. 

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