如何写论文的引言,是每一个研究生同学都会碰到的问题。正所谓,思绪万千,却不知道从何入手。其实,文章只要开好了头,也就完成了一半。
或许对很多朋(da)友(niu)们来讲,引言已经不是什么问题啦。但是如果我们能利用语言学领域中的知识和研究,更系统地看待学术写作,更高效地写作和阅读文献,岂不是更好吗? 今天要推荐给大家的是John Swales的学术引言写作C.A.R.S模型。 所谓C.A.R.S模型就是The Creating a Research Space Model (“创建研究空间”模型),是由John Swales于1981年提出,后在1990年出版的《体裁分析》(Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings)一书中进行修正,由原先的4-move(语步)model改为3-move model (1990,p. 141)。 John M. Swales,1938年出生,毕业于剑桥大学,主修心理学,曾任教于利兹大学、阿斯顿大学及密歇根大学(安阿伯分校),现已退休。 这个模型可以说非常经典啦。通过这个模型,你可以更好地开展写作,并了解引言在你论文及更大范围研究中的作用。 Move 1: Establishing a Territory(确定研究范围)-SITUATION Step 1 -- Claiming Centrality 确立中心议题 and/or Step 2 -- Making topic generalization(s) 概括主题内容 and/or Step 3 -- Reviewing items of previous research 回顾前期研究成果
Move 2: Establishing a Niche(确定研究空间)-PROBLEM Step 1a -- Counter-claiming 提出相反意见 or Step 1b -- Indicating a gap 指出缺口 or Step 1c -- Question-raising 提出问题 or Step 1d -- Continuing a tradition 拓展前人研究
Move 3: Occupying the Niche (占据该研究空间)-SOLUTION Step 1a -- Outlining purposes 概括研究目的 Step 1b -- Announcing present research 通报当前研究 Step 2 -- Announcing principle findings 通报主要研究结果 Step 3 -- Indicating article structure 概述文章结构
Move 1 Establishing a Territory(确定研究范围) 这一步,作者通常需要展现的是该研究议题是有趣的、相关的、重要的,值得研究的。 常见的句式包括: Recently, there has been a spate of interest in how to…. The possibility….has generated interest in …. The well-known…. phenomena…has been favorite topics for analysis both in… A central issue in…is the validity of …. Many investigators have recently turned to….
这一步一般有两种形式:1)对该议题现有的知识、做法的陈述; 如: There is now much evidence to support the hypothesis that…. A standard procedure for assessing has been…
2)对现象的描述 如: An elaborate system of… is found in the… There are many situations where….
这一步作者需要具体地阐述:过去谁(who)在什么时间(when)发现了什么(what)。可以想象,这一步会有大量的in-text citation 如: Smith(1989)found…. It has been suggested that…(Smith,1989) Observations by Smith (1989)…. The moon is probably made of cheese (Brie, 1988)
Move 2: Establishing a Niche(确定研究空间) 如: However, this view is challenged by recent data showing… However, these approaches become increasingly unreliable when…
如: A considerable amount of research has been…but little research… The only reported study to date of…covered a limited range of… The properties of…are still not completely understood. Evidence on this question is presently inconclusive.
如: The question remains…? How much has the seal population actually decreased? However, it is not clear whether the use of…can be modified to….
常与逻辑连接词共同出现,如therefore, hence, consequently及thus. 如: Hence, additional studies of…are needed. It is desirable to carry out surveys of…
Move 2不一定出现在整个literature review之后,也可能紧跟在每一条separate review之后,这样的话,Step 1/Move 3 Move 2就会不断循环,直到review完全完成。 Move 3: Occupying the Niche (占据该研究空间) 这一步回答的问题是 why?为什么要做这个研究 如: The aim of this paper is to… The purpose here is to document…
这一步讲的是当前的研究是由谁、在哪里、何时、怎么做的? 如: This paper evaluates the effect on…. The research focuses on a strategy for…. The thesis proposes a formal procedure for… In this paper, we provide a novel approach to…
如: This approach provides effective… Our results indicate that this method is effective in…
如: We have organized the rest of this paper in the following way… This paper is structured as follows… The remainder of this paper is divided into 5 sections..
如果你现在处于研究的早期,只有模糊的概念,还不太清楚自己要做些什么,可以试一试写一段简短的引言,这样可以帮助你理清头绪。 希望今天的推送能带给朋友们新的idea,已经有所了解的朋友们也希望你们多指教啦。 参考文献: Swales, J. (1990). Genre analysis : English in academic and research settings. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press,
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