初三英语中考备考常考词汇用法，收藏了，寒假多看看！

1．beat (n)敲击，跳动 (vt)打，输

beaten track 常规；惯例；被踩出来的路

辨析：beat和win的用法：① beat表示“在战斗中战胜对手，宾语是人，不是物”。

beat后接运动员、球队或对手等。例如：I can beat you at chess .

② beat意为“胜于，击败”。例：He is going to beat the world record .

③ win战胜，因赢，它的宾语是物，如比赛，战争。win后接“a game, a war, a watch, a prize”等。例：The boy won the first prize in contest . I can always beat him at chess.

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Which team win the football match? We beat them by score 2 to 1.

辨析： beat; hit; strike的用法：这三个词都有'打；击；敲'的意思，但仔细分辩，还是有其各自的用法。① beat 表示'连续不断地打击'；尤其指心脏的跳动。

● beat sb in the chest ● beat…to death ● to beat a drum敲鼓

② hit表示'撞击'（尤指一次性的）或命中（目标）。而strike除了与hit同义外，还可以理解为划（火柴）；给人深刻印象等。 如：The man looked dead but his heart was still beating.这个人看上去已经死了，可心脏还在跳动。

He hit the ball so hard that it went over the wall.他使劲地击球，结果球越过了墙。

I have some _________ to do this afternoon. A. shop B. shops C. shopping D. a shop

He ____ his opponent in the game at last. A. beat B. beated C. beaten D. was beating

2．fame (n)名声；名气；声誉 famous (adj)出名的；著名的

be famous/ known for因/以……而著名（for后接出名的原因）

be famous/ known as作为……而出名/著名(接职务、身份或地位等名词)

be famous/ known to对……来说出名

※比较：be famous as ; be famous for ;be famous to和 be famous at 的用法：

【一】以“地方”做主语：① be famous for 表示“以某种特产而‘闻名’著名，出名”，famous

相当于well-known ② be famous as 表示“以什么样的产地或地方而出名”。eg:

Hangzhou is famous _________ producing silk in China . A. from B. at C. in D. for

● The area is famous as a green tea producing place.这个地区是生产绿茶的地区。

【二】以“人物”做主语：① be famous for 表示 “某人以某种知识，技能或特征出名” ● Einstein was famous for his Theory of Relativity . 爱因斯坦以他的相对论而闻名。※ be famous as表示“某人以某种身份出名”。如： Einstein was famous as a great scientist .【注意】：be famous for 后的介词宾语是主语的所属内容. be famous as 后的介词宾语与主语是同位成分。③ be famous to sb 对某人来说是著名的…④ be famous at （= be good at（擅长））= do well in 在…方面做得好/表现出色。（反义词）be no good at (do badly in)“ 在……方面做得很差”。E.g: Egypt is famous for its grand pyramids. She is famous as a writer.

Tom did badly in the foot ball match. Qingdao is famous for its beautiful scenery.

Lu xun is famous/ known as a writer.

As is known to us all, the Great Wall is one of the seven wonders in the world.

Lu Xun was famous _________ his works _________ a writer.

A. for; for B. for; as C. as; for D. as; as

3．use (vt&n)使用 useless (adj)无用的；无效的；无益的（反义词）useful (adj)

⑴ used to do sth.表示过去经常或持续的行为，现在已不再发生，该句型即可用助动词did构成否定句和疑问句，也可以把used当作助动词的用法来交换。如：I used to climbed trees and swim and play football.我过去常常爬山，游泳，踢足球. ⑵ used to 和would都用来谈过去的习惯，但used to 可以指动作或情况，而would只表示重复的动作且不强调今昔对比. ※比较“ used to be及used to do sth ”和“ be used to do sth及be used to doing sth”的用法: ① 用于肯定句used to be (指状况)表示“过去常常和习惯做某事，也指过去反复发生的动作。即“used to be sth”。其否定形式：used not/ usedn’t to be/do sth/也可用助动词did构成否定句和疑问句， 疑问句形式：used sb to do /be……?

② be used to do sth表示“被用于做……”含有被动语态的意义。

③ become/ get/ be used to doing sth习惯于做某事。用来表示“现在，过去及将来习惯于做某事。” 下列句型中只可用动名词和It作主语，不可用不定式短语作主语：

① It is no use +动名词(v-ing)，表示“……没用”。[= It’s useless + 不定式（to do sth ）. = It is of no use to do sth . = Ther is no use in ……(There is 之后要接表扬的介词短语)]。例：It is no use crying over spilt milk .[=It’s useless to crying over spilt milk.] Reasoning with such a stubborn man is no use.[= It is no use reasoning with such a stubborn.]

●be used for / as / by 的用法：

① be used for表示“某物被用来做…”，for是介词，表示用途，后接名词、代词或－ing形式。例：An orange is used for medicine . A pen is used for writing .

② be used as 表示“被用作……”，as作介词，表示作为。其后一般接名词，强调使用的工具及手段。例：English is used as the second language in many countries .

③ be used by表示“被……使用”，by是介词，后接动作的 执行者（宾语）。例：

English is used by travelers and business people all over the world .

Tractors are used by the farmers .

④ use…for… 表示“用 …来…for后接名词/动名词

⑤ use…to…表示“用…做……to后接动词原形

⑥ be useful for 表示“对……有用”

⑦ be useful to do sth表示 “做……有用”

[练习] 用be used as, be used to do, be used to doing , used to do填空。

① Camels _______ usually______ ________ carry goods in the desert.

② I believe that you will soon _______ _______ _________ the life there.

③ We ________ __________ go swimming in the small river in summer.

④ He _______ ______ get up late in the morning. Now he has got used to getting up early.

⑤ His umbrella ______ _______ _______ a weapon when he met a robber.

⑥ I __________ __________ my present life now.

⑦ Bamboo __________ ___________ ___________ make some things.

⑧ She ________ _________ __________ taking a walk after supper.

⑨ I ______ to be quite afraid to live in that country, but now I have _____ to the life there.

A. used; been used B. used; used C. was used; got used D. get used; been used

4. good (adj)好的 (op) bad坏的 ● goodness善良

※辨析：be good for；be good to; be good at 的用法：

⑴ be good for…接指物的名词。表示“对…有好处” (op) be bad for“对……有坏”

for good =for ever 永远/久地。例：Milk is good for children .

We decided to settle in the country side for good (=and all)

Drinking milk is good for your health.

⑵ be good to = be friendly to …接指人的名词或代词。表示“对…亲切”。

Our math teacher is good to us. We all like him.

⑶ be good at = do well in …接名词、代词(宾格)或v-ing 形式。意为“擅长”“ 在……方面做得好”。例：Little pat is good at dancing.

① Chocolate is goodyour health. A. at B. to C. with D. for

② ---- I think drinking milk is goodour health. ---- Yes, I agreeyou.

A. for ; with B. to ; to C. with; to D. at; with

5. borrow (vt) 借

［borrow/lend］这两个词的共同意思是“借”。其区别是：（1） borrow 是“借进”，表示“向

某人借”，常与from或of连用。lend是“借出”,表示“借给某人”，常与 连用to连用，如：

I borrow some money of him . 我向他借了一些钱。

Jane used to borrow money from her friends.简过去常向她的朋友借钱。

Jack borrows the raincoat of mine, and I lent him straightforward.杰克借我的雨衣，我很爽快

地借给了他。

When I needed the ladder, I found that you had lent it to your neighbour.我正需要用梯子的时

候，发现你已经借给了邻居。

（2） lend后面可以接双宾语，而borrow不能，如：Could you lend me your bike?你能把自行车借给我用一下吗？

※比较borrow, lend, keep和,return, have back 的用法:

（1）borrow 对主语来说，指：“借入”，常与from连用。 作终止性动词。

I borrowed a book form the school library this afternoon.

（2）lend 对主语来说，指“借出”，常与to连用。作终止性动词。

I can lend my bike to you, but you mustn’t lend it to others.

（3）keep（延续性动词），表示所借的东西要保留一段时间。相当于leave.

— How long can I keep the book? — Two weeks.

（4）return 表示“归还（give/ go/come ）back，恢复”，后接副词，不与back连用，但可与介词to搭配，in return作为回报

（5）have back: 表示“要回来”。

6. bring (vt)带来;拿来

● bring down 使倒下；使下降；使沮丧

The storm brought all the trees down.

Their government could do nothing to bring down prices.

Even the bad news did not bring him down.

● bring in引进；引来；生产

This style of hair –do is brought in from abroad.

This land brought in two thousand pounds of grain last year.

● bring on 带来；引起

Dirt often brings on disease. Reading in a poor light may bring on a headache.

● bring out显示出来；出版；使表现清楚；使发挥

The meaning of that word is brought out very clearly in the next paragraph.

This kind of work brings out the best in her.

Sichuan people’s publishing House is going to bring out this Vocabulary and Phrase Handbook.

● bring up提出；培养；抚养

We decided to bring the matter up at the board meeting.

She was born in the United States but brought up in China.

● bring over使改变想法

We must bring the rest of the committee over to our point of view.

● bring to使苏醒

With the help of artificial respiration his mother soon brought the boy to.

● bring to light揭发；发现

His enemies brought to light some foolish things he had done while young, but he was elected anyway because people trusted him.

The investigation brought to light a number of interesting facts.

● bring back to life 使复生

●比较[bring /fetch /carry /take]的用法：(1) bring 意为“拿”，是从别处拿来，表示单程，有时译为“带来”，如：When you come next time bring your daughter whit you.

(2）fetch 是“去取来”“去拿来”（=go and bring ）,表示一往一返，有时译为“取”，如：

I am going to fetch my child from the school .我要到到学校去接孩子。

(3）carry是“搬，提，拿，扛，抱，背，带”的意思，如：He often help the old man carry water.

⑷ take 是“拿走”“带走”的意思，是从此带去。如： Who has taken my pen ?

7. discover (vt)发现;看出;暴露;显示 (op) cover (vt)覆盖 discover oneself显露自己的身份

discovery (n) (u)发现;发觉 ; (c)发现的东西 discoverer (n)发现者

[辨析]discover & invent的用法:

discover和invent都与“发明，发现”有关，但用法有所区别。

(1) discover指“发现或找到” 常指通过调查，实验等发现某种自然界本来已存在，但以前未被人类发现或认识的事物，如发现电，煤, 石油及新星，星系或科学真理等，如：

Columbus discovered America in 1492.

A new coal-mine has been discovered in this district.这地区发现了一个新的煤矿。

The scientist discovered a number of new things about the matter of universe.

= The scientist made a lot of new discoveries about the matter of universe.

⑵ discovery (n)[u]发现 [c]发现物，指已存在的而刚刚为人所知的事物。如：

Does any of them show discoveries?

⑶ invent指“发明创造”出自然界本来不存在的东西，指通过思考，实验和研究等发明了新的有用的物品。此外，它还有“虚构，编造”的意思。如工具，方法，手段，汽车，电器，合成材料。如：Who invented the first steam engine?

Bell invented the telephone. 贝尔发明了电话。

Edison invents / invented the light bulb.爱迪生发明了灯泡。

⑷ invention (n)“发明，发明物”，指原来不存在而被发明创造出来的新生事物。动词为“invent”，如： The new invention looks funny.

Gilbert _________ electricity and Edison ________ the electric light bulb.

A. invented; discovered B. discovered; invented

C. invented; invented D. discovered; discovered

The wheel is a great __________.

A. invention B. discovery C. inventor D. discover

8. dress （n.）衣服；服装，连衣裙 evening dress 晚礼服

（vt.）给……穿衣服 （vi.）穿衣服，打扮

● dress sb./oneself 给某人/自己穿衣服

● be/get dressed in +（衣服或表颜色的词） 表示“穿着……衣服 ”

● dress + adv.（或表目的，场合的介词短语） dress up 打扮；盛装；装饰

● dress up as 扮成 ● dress sb. down 训斥某人

[说明] ① dress 作名词指衣服时，主要指女士所穿的衣服；作及物动词用时，宾语必须是人而

不是物；（dress强调动作，be dressed 强调状态）

② dress 打扮自己或打扮某人，与介词as或like连用，或用dress up as sb.或dress up for sth.

Mother dressed the baby after she got everything ready.

Is she old enough to dress herself yet？

Dressed in their holiday best，the children were very excited.

“Wait a mimute ，”he said，“She is dressing upstairs！”

词语辨析：put on /have on/ be in /wear/dress的用法：⑴ put on 强调“穿的动作，多接衣服，鞋帽“等。He put on his raincoat before he went out.

⑵ have on 强调“穿”的状态，后跟表示衣服，鞋帽的具体名词，也可跟代词

注意：该短语不可用于进行时态。She has on/ is in a red dress and white shoes today.

⑶ wear 强调“穿着”的状态，后除跟“衣服，鞋帽”之类的名词外，还可跟“眼镜，戒指，项链，耳环，奖章，领带，手表，花”等名词，该词可用于进行时态，强调一时的状态。She often wears a white blouse and a red skirt.

⑷ dress 作“穿”时，如果用及物动词，则其宾语只能是指人的名词或代词，即“给……穿上衣服”，不可以直接跟表示衣服的词，如果用不及物动词，则后边不能跟宾语，但可带状语，但be dressed in 后跟表示衣服的名词外，还可跟一个表示颜色的词。

The boy dressed himself quickly.

⑸ be in强调状态，表示“穿戴”。 She has on/ is in a red dress and white shoes today.

9. enjoy (vt)享受；喜欢 enjoyable (adj)愉快的 enjoyment (n)享受；欢乐；乐趣

※ be enjoyed by 被…喜爱

●辨析[enjoy / like /love / prefer]的用法： enjoy, like, love 和prefer 都可表达“喜欢”的意思，但含义和用法有所不同。（1）enjoy在意思上侧重于“享受某种乐趣”，后接名词或动名词作宾语，如：The man is enjoying his dinner. 那个男人正津津有味的吃饭。

My father enjoys listening to the radio. Did the children enjoy themselves in the park?

My father enjoys listening to the radio.

（2）like意为“喜欢，喜爱”，是一般用语，主要是指对某人或某物产生好感后发生兴趣，不带有感情色彩，后面可接名词，代词，动名词动词不定式作宾语，如：

Everyone in China likes Mid-Autumn Day. He likes his students to work hard.

You like singing, is that right?

（3）love表示“爱，热爱，爱戴”，有强烈的感情，相当于like …… very much ，侧重于对祖国及较亲近的人的浓厚感情。在口语中它往往又指一般的喜爱，这时与like 的意思很相近可以互换。后面也可以接名词，动名词或动词不定式，如：

We love our motherland. They love playing /to play basketball.

（4）like和love都可与 would，should 连用表示“愿意作某事”，如：

I’d like /love to go whit you. 我愿意和你们一起去。

（5）prefer意为“（比较）喜欢，宁愿”，相当like …… better,它的“喜欢”是带有选择性的，是在比较的情况下选择出来的，其后接名词，代词，动名词或不定式，如：

I prefer going by bike. 我宁愿骑车去。He prefer to work alone. 他喜欢独自工作。

（6）prefer常用于prefer…to …结构中，意为“喜欢……而不喜欢…，宁愿…而不愿……“，其中to是介词，prefer与to后接名词或动名词，如：I prefer foreign languages to Maths. 外语和数学相比，我更喜欢外语。 He prefers doing to talking. 他喜欢做而不喜欢说。

10．repair (vt&n) ① 修理（电器）；修补（道路、钟表）；修缮（房屋）

② 纠正（错误）；补救；赔偿；补偿；恢复

● repair a mistake ● repair one’s health

● a ship under repair ● a repair workshop

● be in bad repair (= be out of repair) ● beyond (= past ) repair

● He repaired his house. He repaired the loss.

● The shop is closed during repairs.

● 辨析“fix , repair & mend”的用法：

① fix表示修理、组装，指把损坏的或不能正常工作的东西修复到正常状态或工作程序中，有时可以与repair互接，一般不用于修补衣物等。如：

My elder brother often helps others fix computer.

② repair指修理构造较复杂的或再次完整，常用于修理建筑，机器，车辆等。如： I’m going to have my watch repaired this Sunday.

③ mend指修补被打破，坏了的物体或衣服及破损的常用工具，使之可再用，常用于修补衣服、鞋、袜等小东西，偶尔也可用于修理门窗、道路等之类。如： The workmen are mending the road.

11．find (vt) 发现（偶然）；找到（指结果） 通常表示无意找而发现。（可接复数宾语）

① find +宾语+宾补（adj /n /adv /v-ing /p.p /prep等）表示“发现……是……”

We found it an intetesting story. I find it difficult to believe you.

② find oneself doing sth /in （不知不觉地）发现自己在做……；处于……；如果find的宾语为不定式，则用it作形式宾语，真正不定式宾语放在宾补后面。

[比较] discover &find &look for表示“找到；发现”的用法：

① find指寻找的结果，即“找到”，是非延续性动词，如：Where did you find it ?

② find out 发现；查出；打听。（不可接复数宾语）（通常指通过观察，探索而发现事实的真相，因此多指无形，隐秘的事情。）指经过观察、调查把某事、某物查出来、搞清楚、弄清楚、弄明白，多用于复杂而不易直接查出的情况，后接名词(truth, news, facts, secret)和宾语从句。如：The manager had found him out and was going to sack him. 经理发觉了他的不轨行为，打算炒他的鱿鱼。

③ discover指根据科学仪器来发现客观事物的存在，科学上的发展。强调新的发现或科学的发现。

④ search （作及物动词）表示“查询，搜索”。即： search + 地点+ for sth /sb （宾语为地点）

⑤ in secret 秘密地;暗中

Who invented the computer? How old are you? It’s a secret.(秘密)。

⑥ look for作“寻找”解时，指寻找某人或某事物的过程。是延续性动词，（指过程） 强调找的动作。如：I shall look for a place for a place for you to stay in town .

We have found the book you want. We will find out the truth soon.

Please find out when the meeting will be held.

[用find/look for/ discover/ find out的正确形式填空]

① He is the right person we are .

② Who do you think electricity?

③ Can you what time the meeting starts?

④ We have a great new restaurant near the office.

12. injure (vt)使受伤，伤害；损害名誉；伤害感情 injured (adj)受伤的；受委屈的

[辨析] injure ; wound; damage; destroy; harm和hurt的用法：

① injury (n)? 伤；伤口；伤害（主要指在事故中受伤。其名词是injury，可指平时的大小创伤或伤害，还可指事故中的伤害）一般指由于意外或事故而受伤，精神上的伤害多用（hurt）。[例句]The boy injured his leg. Smoking will injure your health.

He was slightly injured in the accident.

② wound （vt）外伤。指在战争，暴力或灾害中受伤，也可指精神上的创伤。其名词是wound 指战斗中刀或枪的创伤、伤口。He got wounded in the battle.

③ damage (vt)指伤害人或物而使之失去价值，功能或正常的外观，该词也可作名词，多用于自然灾害中的损害。

④ destroy (vt)指具体的或抽象的事物受到的彻底损害而很难恢复，故常用指“破坏，损坏；毁坏；推毁”。

⑤ harm (vt)对……有害/损害。特指伤及一个人或其心情、健康、权利、事业等，并使之产生痛苦、损害或某种不幸遭遇。其名词为harm只能作不可数名词“损害、伤害”。

Too much work did great harm to him, so he is still in poor health.

⑥ hurt (vt) 受伤 (vi)疼痛，引起痛苦。既可以指肉体上的，也可以指精神上或感情上的伤害、肉体上的伤痛。Does your leg still hurt? His words hurt my feelings.

(用 wound/ damage/ destroy/ harm/ hurt/ injure的适当形式填空)

① She felt ______ at your words.

② Do not ______ your eyes by reading in dim light.

③ The bullet _______ him in the shoulder.

④ The bus was badly ______ when it hit the wall.

⑤ The building was ________ in the earthquake.

⑥ He was _______ in the accident.

13.marry (vi)结婚；嫁或娶(vt)娶某人，嫁给某人，把某人嫁给……；为……证婚

● marrying (adj)想结婚的 ●married (adj)已结婚的 ●marriage (n)婚姻；结婚

● get married to sb & be married to sb不能与with连用。

● marry用法： ① get married = marry 表示短暂的动作，不能与how long及for, since引导的时间状语连用。但可与具体的时间连用。 ② be married结婚，常用于婚姻状况。表示状态，可与for + 一段时间，since短语或状语从句连用。 ③ married表示状态，在表示“与某人结婚时”，不可用“marry with”，而要用“marry sb”。

They got married last year. They have be married for three years.

Tom married Rose on January 1, 1994. She married her daughter to a wealthy man.

She didn’t marry until she was in her thirties.

It is said that they have been married for twenty years.

Zhang ling and Lili are both doctors and they _______ for ten years.

A. have married B. have got married C. have been married C. have married to

14. hear

【比较】hear ; hear from; hear of ; hear about; hear out 的用法：⑴ hear 不与to 连用。表示听的动作全过程；意为“听的结果”。但listen与to连用；表示听的动作。

⑵ hear from 收到某人来信，相当于write to sb 。（常用于一般时态）如：

Have you heard from Mrs Scobie? You’ll hear from you father when he gets home.

⑶ hear of 听到（人或事），指间接听到，听说接名词/动名词。如接从句时，不要用of ；常用于疑问句和否定句中。出于善意拒绝不允许某事。但：listen to听着（人或事），指直接听到，后接名词/动名词。如：I have never hear of such things.

I heard of(about) it long ago.

⑷ hear about 听说 How did you hear about(of) our product?

⑸ hear out 听完某人的话

15. dream (vt)

【比较】dream of / about 后接名词（代词、动名词）。意思为“梦见、梦想”。

▲ dream of 常与表否定意义的词few；little；never；hardly; seldom; no；not等连用，表示“想不到”。

16. make（vt）

make的用法：① 主要指（通过劳动）“做；制造；建造；创造；制定；获得；赢得”。后面常接名词作宾语，不接代词，不定式，从句。注意：make 解“做；作”时，可带双宾语..例句：In China the People’s Congress makes laws. 在中国由全国人民代表大会制订法律。 Can you make me a new coat?(=Can you make a new coat for me?

He is going to make us a report.(=He is going to make a report to us.)

② make 解“使得；使成为；使变得”时，后面常接名词、形容词、过去分词或（不带to）的不定式做其宾语。但在被动语态中，不定式符号“to”必须加在动词原形前。例句：Miss White will make you a good assistant. I was made to report the story.

③ make 作不及物动词时，意思为“开始，似乎要；”后常接不定式。

He made to leave while we were talking. He made to reply and stopped.

④ “make + 名词”（常表示与该名词同义的动词）；如：make a promise (=promise)允诺；诺言

● make a progress(=progress)进步；Her students made considerable progress in English.

●make a decision(=decide) 决定；They made an important decision on the matter.

⑤ 有关make常用词组：

●make a mistake (=mistake sth for sb/by mistakes)失误；常与介词in连用。如：

You made a mistake in trusting him too much. I mistook the spelling for them.

●make out 意思为“（企图）证明”“理解，辨认出”后接以等引导的从句。如：

He made out that he had been badly treated. I can’t make out what he wants.

●make friends with sb/sth （= be friends with…）与…交朋友

He refused to make friends with the local people.

●make money 赚钱 I am not doing this to make money.

●make oneself at home 随便

We were asked to make ourselves at home during the brief absence of our hostess.

●make up 编造；配制；组成；弥补

She made up a story about how she got the money by honest work.

●make up one’s mind 下定决心He has made up his mind to go to Mexico for his vacation. ●make use of 利用 One who makes good use of his time will be successful.

●make sure(=make certain)确信；无疑；弄清I made sure he would be here.

●make a contribution to sth/doing sth 为……做贡献，to 为介词

●make a list of 表示“列……表”

●make a noise 弄出声音；发出声音 The engine is making funny noises.

⑥【比较】：be made of ; be made from ; be made in ; be made by 和be made for 的用法：

⑴ be made of 表示“由···制成”；主语是制成品，仍可看出原材料是什么; 但be made from 表示制成的东西完全失去了原材料的外形或特征，在成品中已无法辨认，相当于be made out of，如：Cloth is made of cotton wool, silk and other materials.

Gas is made from coal. Wine can be made from grapes.

⑵ be made in :表示某物在某地生产或制造，in后面接生产地点。Oil is made in China.

⑶ be made by 表示“由谁制造”，by 后面接动作的执行者。

⑷ be made for 表示“为···而造”。

⑸ be make into 用……原料做成

Barley (大麦 ) is made into beer. Wool is first made into yarn.

17． promise （作及物动词）表示“承诺”时；后可接间接宾语和直接宾语，表示“答应某人做某事”。promise sb not to do sth表示“答应某人不做”The president made the promise that he would enable more people to find jobs.

18. come

come 后接形容词、副词、介词短语。表示“出现”“被供应；生产出售”.

Shoes come in many shapes and sizes. The cars come with radio and Tv set.

19. speak

辨析：speak, talk, say 和tell 表不同的“说”。

⑴ say 说；讲。（着重讲话的内容，指以口头或书面语言表达自己的想法，常用作及物

动词。宾语是话语，而非人say sth in +(languages)；可以是代词或从句，也可用于直接引